Add Windows TLS engine

2026-04-24 09:04:27 +08:00 · 2026-04-24 09:04:27 +08:00 · 1610c18a2f
commit 1610c18a2f
parent 3d3c8a2fe9
35 changed files with 6513 additions and 488 deletions
--- a/adapter/certificate.go
+++ b/adapter/certificate.go
@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 type CertificateStore interface {
 	LifecycleService
 	Pool() *x509.CertPool
+	ExclusiveAnchors() bool
 }

 func RootPoolFromContext(ctx context.Context) *x509.CertPool {
--- a/adapter/certificate_darwin.go
+++ b/adapter/certificate_darwin.go
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//go:build darwin && cgo
+
+package adapter
+
+import "unsafe"
+
+type AppleAnchors interface {
+	Retain() AppleAnchors
+	Release()
+	// Ref returns the underlying CFArrayRef, or nil if the anchor set is empty.
+	Ref() unsafe.Pointer
+}
+
+type AppleCertificateStore interface {
+	CertificateStore
+	AppleAnchors() AppleAnchors
+}
--- a/common/certificate/anchors_darwin.h
+++ b/common/certificate/anchors_darwin.h
@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef BOX_CERTIFICATE_ANCHORS_DARWIN_H
+#define BOX_CERTIFICATE_ANCHORS_DARWIN_H
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// box_certificate_anchors_from_der wraps an array of DER-encoded certificate
+// blobs into a retained CFArrayRef of SecCertificateRef, returned as an opaque
+// pointer. The caller owns the returned reference and must call
+// box_certificate_release_anchors. Returns NULL when no blobs were accepted.
+void *box_certificate_anchors_from_der(const uint8_t *const *ders, const size_t *lens, size_t count);
+
+// box_certificate_release_anchors drops one reference from a CFArray handle
+// previously returned by box_certificate_anchors_from_der. No-op on NULL.
+void box_certificate_release_anchors(void *anchors);
+
+#endif
--- a/common/certificate/anchors_darwin.m
+++ b/common/certificate/anchors_darwin.m
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#import "anchors_darwin.h"
+
+#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
+#import <Security/Security.h>
+
+void *box_certificate_anchors_from_der(const uint8_t *const *ders, const size_t *lens, size_t count) {
+	if (count == 0 || ders == NULL || lens == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	CFMutableArrayRef certificates = CFArrayCreateMutable(NULL, (CFIndex)count, &kCFTypeArrayCallBacks);
+	if (certificates == NULL) {
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	for (size_t index = 0; index < count; index++) {
+		if (ders[index] == NULL || lens[index] == 0) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		CFDataRef data = CFDataCreate(NULL, ders[index], (CFIndex)lens[index]);
+		if (data == NULL) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		SecCertificateRef certificate = SecCertificateCreateWithData(NULL, data);
+		CFRelease(data);
+		if (certificate == NULL) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		CFArrayAppendValue(certificates, certificate);
+		CFRelease(certificate);
+	}
+	if (CFArrayGetCount(certificates) == 0) {
+		CFRelease(certificates);
+		return NULL;
+	}
+	return certificates;
+}
+
+void box_certificate_release_anchors(void *anchors) {
+	if (anchors == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+	CFRelease((CFTypeRef)anchors);
+}
--- a/common/certificate/store.go
+++ b/common/certificate/store.go
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package certificate

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"crypto/x509"
 	"io/fs"
@ -25,11 +26,11 @@ type Store struct {
 	storeType                 string
 	systemPool                *x509.CertPool
 	currentPool               *x509.CertPool
-	currentPEM                []string
 	certificate               string
 	certificatePaths          []string
 	certificateDirectoryPaths []string
 	watcher                   *fswatch.Watcher
+	platform                  storePlatform
 }

 func NewStore(ctx context.Context, logger logger.Logger, options option.CertificateOptions) (*Store, error) {
@ -114,10 +115,18 @@ func (s *Store) Start(stage adapter.StartStage) error {
 }

 func (s *Store) Close() error {
-	if s.watcher != nil {
-		return s.watcher.Close()
+	watcher := s.watcher
+	s.watcher = nil
+
+	var closeErr error
+	if watcher != nil {
+		closeErr = watcher.Close()
 	}
-	return nil
+	platformErr := s.closePlatform()
+	if platformErr != nil {
+		closeErr = platformErr
+	}
+	return closeErr
 }

 func (s *Store) Pool() *x509.CertPool {
@ -130,37 +139,35 @@ func (s *Store) StoreKind() string {
 	return s.storeType
 }

-func (s *Store) CurrentPEM() []string {
-	s.access.RLock()
-	defer s.access.RUnlock()
-	return append([]string(nil), s.currentPEM...)
+func (s *Store) ExclusiveAnchors() bool {
+	return s.storeType != C.CertificateStoreSystem
 }

 func (s *Store) update() error {
 	currentPool, err := s.newBasePool()
-	var currentPEM []string
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	pemBuffer := new(bytes.Buffer)
 	switch s.storeType {
 	case C.CertificateStoreMozilla:
 		pemContent := mozillaIncludedPEM()
 		if !currentPool.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(pemContent)) {
 			return E.New("invalid Mozilla included certificate PEM")
 		}
-		currentPEM = append(currentPEM, pemContent)
+		appendPEMBlock(pemBuffer, string(pemContent))
 	case C.CertificateStoreChrome:
 		pemContent := chromeIncludedPEM()
 		if !currentPool.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(pemContent)) {
 			return E.New("invalid Chrome included certificate PEM")
 		}
-		currentPEM = append(currentPEM, pemContent)
+		appendPEMBlock(pemBuffer, string(pemContent))
 	}
 	if s.certificate != "" {
 		if !currentPool.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(s.certificate)) {
 			return E.New("invalid certificate PEM strings")
 		}
-		currentPEM = append(currentPEM, s.certificate)
+		appendPEMBlock(pemBuffer, s.certificate)
 	}
 	for _, path := range s.certificatePaths {
 		pemContent, err := os.ReadFile(path)
@ -170,7 +177,7 @@ func (s *Store) update() error {
 		if !currentPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(pemContent) {
 			return E.New("invalid certificate PEM file: ", path)
 		}
-		currentPEM = append(currentPEM, string(pemContent))
+		appendPEMBlock(pemBuffer, string(pemContent))
 	}
 	var firstErr error
 	for _, directoryPath := range s.certificateDirectoryPaths {
@ -184,7 +191,7 @@ func (s *Store) update() error {
 		for _, directoryEntry := range directoryEntries {
 			pemContent, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(directoryPath, directoryEntry.Name()))
 			if err == nil && currentPool.AppendCertsFromPEM(pemContent) {
-				currentPEM = append(currentPEM, string(pemContent))
+				appendPEMBlock(pemBuffer, string(pemContent))
 			}
 		}
 	}
@ -194,8 +201,15 @@ func (s *Store) update() error {
 	s.access.Lock()
 	defer s.access.Unlock()
 	s.currentPool = currentPool
-	s.currentPEM = currentPEM
-	return nil
+	return s.updatePlatformLocked(pemBuffer.Bytes())
+}
+
+func appendPEMBlock(buffer *bytes.Buffer, block string) {
+	existing := buffer.Bytes()
+	if len(existing) > 0 && existing[len(existing)-1] != '\n' {
+		buffer.WriteByte('\n')
+	}
+	buffer.WriteString(block)
 }

 func (s *Store) newBasePool() (*x509.CertPool, error) {
--- a/common/certificate/store_darwin.go
+++ b/common/certificate/store_darwin.go
@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+//go:build darwin && cgo
+
+package certificate
+
+/*
+#cgo CFLAGS: -x objective-c -fobjc-arc
+#cgo LDFLAGS: -framework Foundation -framework Security
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "anchors_darwin.h"
+*/
+import "C"
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/pem"
+	"runtime"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
+	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
+)
+
+var (
+	_ adapter.AppleCertificateStore = (*Store)(nil)
+	_ adapter.AppleAnchors          = (*appleAnchors)(nil)
+)
+
+type storePlatform struct {
+	anchors *appleAnchors
+	hash    [sha256.Size]byte
+}
+
+type appleAnchors struct {
+	cfArray unsafe.Pointer
+	refs    atomic.Int32
+}
+
+func newAppleAnchors(pemBytes []byte) (*appleAnchors, error) {
+	anchors := &appleAnchors{}
+	anchors.refs.Store(1)
+	if len(pemBytes) == 0 {
+		return anchors, nil
+	}
+	derBlocks := decodeCertificatePEM(pemBytes)
+	if len(derBlocks) == 0 {
+		return nil, E.New("parse certificate PEM")
+	}
+	pointerSize := C.size_t(unsafe.Sizeof((*C.uint8_t)(nil)))
+	lenSize := C.size_t(unsafe.Sizeof(C.size_t(0)))
+	pointersC := (**C.uint8_t)(C.malloc(pointerSize * C.size_t(len(derBlocks))))
+	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(pointersC))
+	lensC := (*C.size_t)(C.malloc(lenSize * C.size_t(len(derBlocks))))
+	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(lensC))
+	pointersSlice := unsafe.Slice(pointersC, len(derBlocks))
+	lensSlice := unsafe.Slice(lensC, len(derBlocks))
+	var pinner runtime.Pinner
+	defer pinner.Unpin()
+	for index, der := range derBlocks {
+		pinner.Pin(&der[0])
+		pointersSlice[index] = (*C.uint8_t)(unsafe.Pointer(&der[0]))
+		lensSlice[index] = C.size_t(len(der))
+	}
+	cfArray := C.box_certificate_anchors_from_der(pointersC, lensC, C.size_t(len(derBlocks)))
+	if cfArray == nil {
+		return nil, E.New("parse certificate PEM")
+	}
+	anchors.cfArray = cfArray
+	return anchors, nil
+}
+
+// NewAppleAnchors parses the given PEM and returns a ref-counted handle
+// wrapping a CFArray of SecCertificateRef. The caller owns the returned
+// reference and must call Release when finished. Returns an error when
+// pemBytes is non-empty but contains no usable CERTIFICATE blocks.
+func NewAppleAnchors(pemBytes []byte) (adapter.AppleAnchors, error) {
+	return newAppleAnchors(pemBytes)
+}
+
+// AcquireAnchors returns a retained AppleAnchors handle, preferring the
+// per-config userAnchors over the process-wide certificate store. Returns
+// nil when neither source is available. Callers must Release the handle.
+func AcquireAnchors(userAnchors adapter.AppleAnchors, store adapter.CertificateStore) adapter.AppleAnchors {
+	if userAnchors != nil {
+		return userAnchors.Retain()
+	}
+	if store == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	apple, loaded := store.(adapter.AppleCertificateStore)
+	if !loaded {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return apple.AppleAnchors()
+}
+
+func (a *appleAnchors) Retain() adapter.AppleAnchors {
+	a.refs.Add(1)
+	return a
+}
+
+func (a *appleAnchors) Release() {
+	if a.refs.Add(-1) != 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	if a.cfArray != nil {
+		C.box_certificate_release_anchors(a.cfArray)
+	}
+}
+
+func (a *appleAnchors) Ref() unsafe.Pointer {
+	return a.cfArray
+}
+
+func (s *Store) AppleAnchors() adapter.AppleAnchors {
+	s.access.RLock()
+	defer s.access.RUnlock()
+	if s.platform.anchors == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return s.platform.anchors.Retain()
+}
+
+func (s *Store) updatePlatformLocked(pemBytes []byte) error {
+	hash := sha256.Sum256(pemBytes)
+	if s.platform.anchors != nil && s.platform.hash == hash {
+		return nil
+	}
+	newAnchors, err := newAppleAnchors(pemBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	old := s.platform.anchors
+	s.platform.anchors = newAnchors
+	s.platform.hash = hash
+	if old != nil {
+		old.Release()
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Store) closePlatform() error {
+	s.access.Lock()
+	defer s.access.Unlock()
+	if s.platform.anchors != nil {
+		s.platform.anchors.Release()
+		s.platform.anchors = nil
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func decodeCertificatePEM(pemBytes []byte) [][]byte {
+	var blocks [][]byte
+	rest := pemBytes
+	for {
+		block, next := pem.Decode(rest)
+		if block == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		if block.Type == "CERTIFICATE" && len(block.Bytes) > 0 {
+			blocks = append(blocks, block.Bytes)
+		}
+		rest = next
+	}
+	return blocks
+}
--- a/common/certificate/store_other.go
+++ b/common/certificate/store_other.go
@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//go:build !(darwin && cgo)
+
+package certificate
+
+type storePlatform struct{}
+
+func (s *Store) updatePlatformLocked(_ []byte) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (s *Store) closePlatform() error {
+	return nil
+}
--- a/common/httpclient/apple_transport_darwin.go
+++ b/common/httpclient/apple_transport_darwin.go
@ -25,6 +25,8 @@ import (
 	"time"
 	"unsafe"

+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/certificate"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/proxybridge"
 	boxTLS "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/tls"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
@ -37,6 +39,15 @@ import (

 const applePinnedHashSize = sha256.Size

+var (
+	newAppleUserAnchors      = certificate.NewAppleAnchors
+	newAppleProxyBridge      = proxybridge.New
+	newAppleTransportSession = func(shared *appleTransportShared) (unsafe.Pointer, error) {
+		session, err := shared.newSession()
+		return unsafe.Pointer(session), err
+	}
+)
+
 func verifyApplePinnedPublicKeySHA256(flatHashes []byte, leafCertificate []byte) error {
 	if len(flatHashes)%applePinnedHashSize != 0 {
 		return E.New("invalid pinned public key list")
@ -64,8 +75,9 @@ type appleSessionConfig struct {
 	minVersion             uint16
 	maxVersion             uint16
 	insecure               bool
-	anchorPEM              string
 	anchorOnly             bool
+	userAnchors            adapter.AppleAnchors
+	store                  adapter.CertificateStore
 	pinnedPublicKeySHA256s []byte
 }

@ -89,7 +101,13 @@ func newAppleTransport(ctx context.Context, logger logger.ContextLogger, rawDial
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	bridge, err := proxybridge.New(ctx, logger, "apple http proxy", rawDialer)
+	releaseConfig := true
+	defer func() {
+		if releaseConfig {
+			sessionConfig.close()
+		}
+	}()
+	bridge, err := newAppleProxyBridge(ctx, logger, "apple http proxy", rawDialer)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@ -100,11 +118,13 @@ func newAppleTransport(ctx context.Context, logger logger.ContextLogger, rawDial
 		timeFunc: ntp.TimeFuncFromContext(ctx),
 	}
 	shared.refs.Store(1)
-	session, err := shared.newSession()
+	sessionRef, err := newAppleTransportSession(shared)
 	if err != nil {
 		bridge.Close()
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	session := (*C.box_apple_http_session_t)(sessionRef)
+	releaseConfig = false
 	return &appleTransport{
 		shared:  shared,
 		session: session,
@ -142,7 +162,7 @@ func newAppleSessionConfig(ctx context.Context, options option.HTTPClientOptions
 	if len(tlsOptions.ALPN) > 0 {
 		return appleSessionConfig{}, E.New("tls.alpn is unsupported in Apple HTTP engine")
 	}
-	validated, err := boxTLS.ValidateAppleTLSOptions(ctx, tlsOptions, "Apple HTTP engine")
+	validated, err := boxTLS.ValidateSystemTLSOptions(ctx, tlsOptions, "Apple HTTP engine")
 	if err != nil {
 		return appleSessionConfig{}, err
 	}
@ -152,13 +172,23 @@ func newAppleSessionConfig(ctx context.Context, options option.HTTPClientOptions
 		minVersion: validated.MinVersion,
 		maxVersion: validated.MaxVersion,
 		insecure:   tlsOptions.Insecure || len(tlsOptions.CertificatePublicKeySHA256) > 0,
-		anchorPEM:  validated.AnchorPEM,
-		anchorOnly: validated.AnchorOnly,
+		anchorOnly: validated.Exclusive,
+		store:      validated.Store,
+	}
+	if len(validated.UserPEM) > 0 {
+		userAnchors, anchorsErr := newAppleUserAnchors(validated.UserPEM)
+		if anchorsErr != nil {
+			return appleSessionConfig{}, anchorsErr
+		}
+		config.userAnchors = userAnchors
 	}
 	if len(tlsOptions.CertificatePublicKeySHA256) > 0 {
 		config.pinnedPublicKeySHA256s = make([]byte, 0, len(tlsOptions.CertificatePublicKeySHA256)*applePinnedHashSize)
 		for _, hashValue := range tlsOptions.CertificatePublicKeySHA256 {
 			if len(hashValue) != applePinnedHashSize {
+				if config.userAnchors != nil {
+					config.userAnchors.Release()
+				}
 				return appleSessionConfig{}, E.New("invalid certificate_public_key_sha256 length: ", len(hashValue))
 			}
 			config.pinnedPublicKeySHA256s = append(config.pinnedPublicKeySHA256s, hashValue...)
@ -167,12 +197,20 @@ func newAppleSessionConfig(ctx context.Context, options option.HTTPClientOptions
 	return config, nil
 }

+func (c *appleSessionConfig) close() {
+	if c.userAnchors != nil {
+		c.userAnchors.Release()
+		c.userAnchors = nil
+	}
+}
+
 func (s *appleTransportShared) retain() {
 	s.refs.Add(1)
 }

 func (s *appleTransportShared) release() error {
 	if s.refs.Add(-1) == 0 {
+		s.config.close()
 		return s.bridge.Close()
 	}
 	return nil
@ -185,16 +223,17 @@ func (s *appleTransportShared) newSession() (*C.box_apple_http_session_t, error)
 	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cProxyUsername))
 	cProxyPassword := C.CString(s.bridge.Password())
 	defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cProxyPassword))
-	var cAnchorPEM *C.char
-	if s.config.anchorPEM != "" {
-		cAnchorPEM = C.CString(s.config.anchorPEM)
-		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(cAnchorPEM))
-	}
 	var pinnedPointer *C.uint8_t
 	if len(s.config.pinnedPublicKeySHA256s) > 0 {
 		pinnedPointer = (*C.uint8_t)(C.CBytes(s.config.pinnedPublicKeySHA256s))
 		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(pinnedPointer))
 	}
+	anchors := certificate.AcquireAnchors(s.config.userAnchors, s.config.store)
+	var anchorsRef unsafe.Pointer
+	if anchors != nil {
+		anchorsRef = anchors.Ref()
+		defer anchors.Release()
+	}
 	cConfig := C.box_apple_http_session_config_t{
 		proxy_host:                   cProxyHost,
 		proxy_port:                   C.int(s.bridge.Port()),
@ -203,8 +242,7 @@ func (s *appleTransportShared) newSession() (*C.box_apple_http_session_t, error)
 		min_tls_version:              C.uint16_t(s.config.minVersion),
 		max_tls_version:              C.uint16_t(s.config.maxVersion),
 		insecure:                     C.bool(s.config.insecure),
-		anchor_pem:                   cAnchorPEM,
-		anchor_pem_len:               C.size_t(len(s.config.anchorPEM)),
+		anchors_cf:                   anchorsRef,
 		anchor_only:                  C.bool(s.config.anchorOnly),
 		pinned_public_key_sha256:     pinnedPointer,
 		pinned_public_key_sha256_len: C.size_t(len(s.config.pinnedPublicKeySHA256s)),
--- a/common/httpclient/apple_transport_darwin.h
+++ b/common/httpclient/apple_transport_darwin.h
@ -13,8 +13,7 @@ typedef struct box_apple_http_session_config {
 	uint16_t min_tls_version;
 	uint16_t max_tls_version;
 	bool insecure;
-	const char *anchor_pem;
-	size_t anchor_pem_len;
+	void *anchors_cf;
 	bool anchor_only;
 	const uint8_t *pinned_public_key_sha256;
 	size_t pinned_public_key_sha256_len;
--- a/common/httpclient/apple_transport_darwin.m
+++ b/common/httpclient/apple_transport_darwin.m
@ -36,44 +36,6 @@ static void box_set_error_from_nserror(char **error_out, NSError *error) {
 	box_set_error_string(error_out, error.localizedDescription ?: error.description);
 }

-static NSArray *box_parse_certificates_from_pem(const char *pem, size_t pem_len) {
-	if (pem == NULL || pem_len == 0) {
-		return @[];
-	}
-	NSString *content = [[NSString alloc] initWithBytes:pem length:pem_len encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-	if (content == nil) {
-		return @[];
-	}
-	NSString *beginMarker = @"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----";
-	NSString *endMarker = @"-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
-	NSMutableArray *certificates = [NSMutableArray array];
-	NSUInteger searchFrom = 0;
-	while (searchFrom < content.length) {
-		NSRange beginRange = [content rangeOfString:beginMarker options:0 range:NSMakeRange(searchFrom, content.length - searchFrom)];
-		if (beginRange.location == NSNotFound) {
-			break;
-		}
-		NSUInteger bodyStart = beginRange.location + beginRange.length;
-		NSRange endRange = [content rangeOfString:endMarker options:0 range:NSMakeRange(bodyStart, content.length - bodyStart)];
-		if (endRange.location == NSNotFound) {
-			break;
-		}
-		NSString *base64Section = [content substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(bodyStart, endRange.location - bodyStart)];
-		NSArray<NSString *> *components = [base64Section componentsSeparatedByCharactersInSet:[NSCharacterSet whitespaceAndNewlineCharacterSet]];
-		NSString *base64Content = [components componentsJoinedByString:@""];
-		NSData *der = [[NSData alloc] initWithBase64EncodedString:base64Content options:0];
-		if (der != nil) {
-			SecCertificateRef certificate = SecCertificateCreateWithData(NULL, (__bridge CFDataRef)der);
-			if (certificate != NULL) {
-				[certificates addObject:(__bridge id)certificate];
-				CFRelease(certificate);
-			}
-		}
-		searchFrom = endRange.location + endRange.length;
-	}
-	return certificates;
-}
-
 static bool box_evaluate_trust(SecTrustRef trustRef, NSArray *anchors, bool anchor_only, NSDate *verifyDate) {
 	if (trustRef == NULL) {
 		return false;
@ -249,7 +211,11 @@ box_apple_http_session_t *box_apple_http_session_create(
 		if (config != NULL) {
 			delegate.insecure = config->insecure;
 			delegate.anchorOnly = config->anchor_only;
-			delegate.anchors = box_parse_certificates_from_pem(config->anchor_pem, config->anchor_pem_len);
+			if (config->anchors_cf != NULL) {
+				delegate.anchors = (__bridge NSArray *)config->anchors_cf;
+			} else {
+				delegate.anchors = @[];
+			}
 			if (config->pinned_public_key_sha256 != NULL && config->pinned_public_key_sha256_len > 0) {
 				delegate.pinnedPublicKeyHashes = [NSData dataWithBytes:config->pinned_public_key_sha256 length:config->pinned_public_key_sha256_len];
 			}
--- a/common/httpclient/apple_transport_darwin_test.go
+++ b/common/httpclient/apple_transport_darwin_test.go
@ -19,13 +19,16 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
+	"unsafe"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/proxybridge"
 	boxTLS "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/tls"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/log"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/route"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/json/badoption"
+	commonLogger "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
 	M "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/metadata"
 	N "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/network"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/service"
@ -58,6 +61,23 @@ type appleHTTPTestServer struct {
 	publicKeyHash  []byte
 }

+type appleTestAnchors struct {
+	ref      unsafe.Pointer
+	releases int
+}
+
+func (a *appleTestAnchors) Retain() adapter.AppleAnchors {
+	return a
+}
+
+func (a *appleTestAnchors) Release() {
+	a.releases++
+}
+
+func (a *appleTestAnchors) Ref() unsafe.Pointer {
+	return a.ref
+}
+
 func TestNewAppleSessionConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleHTTPTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
 	serverHash := certificatePublicKeySHA256(t, serverCertificate.Certificate[0])
@ -103,8 +123,14 @@ func TestNewAppleSessionConfig(t *testing.T) {
 				if !config.anchorOnly {
 					t.Fatal("expected anchor_only")
 				}
-				if !strings.Contains(config.anchorPEM, "BEGIN CERTIFICATE") {
-					t.Fatalf("unexpected anchor pem: %q", config.anchorPEM)
+				if config.userAnchors == nil {
+					t.Fatal("expected user anchors")
+				}
+				if config.userAnchors.Ref() == nil {
+					t.Fatal("expected non-empty user anchors")
+				}
+				if config.store != nil {
+					t.Fatal("unexpected store reference")
 				}
 				if len(config.pinnedPublicKeySHA256s) != 0 {
 					t.Fatalf("unexpected pinned hashes: %d", len(config.pinnedPublicKeySHA256s))
@ -137,8 +163,8 @@ func TestNewAppleSessionConfig(t *testing.T) {
 				if !bytes.Equal(config.pinnedPublicKeySHA256s[applePinnedHashSize:], otherHash) {
 					t.Fatal("unexpected second pin")
 				}
-				if config.anchorPEM != "" {
-					t.Fatalf("unexpected anchor pem: %q", config.anchorPEM)
+				if config.userAnchors != nil {
+					t.Fatal("unexpected user anchors")
 				}
 				if config.anchorOnly {
 					t.Fatal("unexpected anchor_only")
@ -392,6 +418,46 @@ func TestAppleTransportVerifyPublicKeySHA256(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestNewAppleTransportClosesSessionConfigOnBridgeFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	_, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleHTTPTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
+	restoreAppleTransportFactories(t)
+	testAnchors := &appleTestAnchors{ref: unsafe.Pointer(new(int))}
+	newAppleUserAnchors = func([]byte) (adapter.AppleAnchors, error) {
+		return testAnchors, nil
+	}
+	newAppleProxyBridge = func(context.Context, commonLogger.ContextLogger, string, N.Dialer) (*proxybridge.Bridge, error) {
+		return nil, errors.New("bridge boom")
+	}
+
+	_, err := newAppleTransport(newAppleHTTPTestContext(), log.NewNOPFactory().NewLogger("httpclient"), &appleHTTPTestDialer{}, appleTransportAnchorOptions(serverCertificatePEM))
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "bridge boom") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if testAnchors.releases != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 anchor release, got %d", testAnchors.releases)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNewAppleTransportClosesSessionConfigOnSessionFailure(t *testing.T) {
+	_, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleHTTPTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
+	restoreAppleTransportFactories(t)
+	testAnchors := &appleTestAnchors{ref: unsafe.Pointer(new(int))}
+	newAppleUserAnchors = func([]byte) (adapter.AppleAnchors, error) {
+		return testAnchors, nil
+	}
+	newAppleTransportSession = func(*appleTransportShared) (unsafe.Pointer, error) {
+		return nil, errors.New("session boom")
+	}
+
+	_, err := newAppleTransport(newAppleHTTPTestContext(), log.NewNOPFactory().NewLogger("httpclient"), &appleHTTPTestDialer{}, appleTransportAnchorOptions(serverCertificatePEM))
+	if err == nil || !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "session boom") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %v", err)
+	}
+	if testAnchors.releases != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 anchor release, got %d", testAnchors.releases)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAppleTransportRoundTripHTTPS(t *testing.T) {
 	requests := make(chan appleHTTPObservedRequest, 1)
 	server := startAppleHTTPTestServer(t, func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
@ -665,7 +731,8 @@ func TestAppleTransportLifecycle(t *testing.T) {
 	assertAppleHTTPSucceeds(t, transport, server.URL("/reset"))

 	innerTransport := transport.(*appleTransport)
-	if err := innerTransport.Close(); err != nil {
+	err := innerTransport.Close()
+	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}

@ -722,10 +789,7 @@ func (s *appleHTTPTestServer) URL(path string) string {
 func newAppleHTTPTestTransport(t *testing.T, server *appleHTTPTestServer, options option.HTTPClientOptions) innerTransport {
 	t.Helper()

-	ctx := service.ContextWith[adapter.ConnectionManager](
-		context.Background(),
-		route.NewConnectionManager(log.NewNOPFactory().NewLogger("connection")),
-	)
+	ctx := newAppleHTTPTestContext()
 	dialer := &appleHTTPTestDialer{
 		hostMap: make(map[string]string),
 	}
@ -743,6 +807,39 @@ func newAppleHTTPTestTransport(t *testing.T, server *appleHTTPTestServer, option
 	return transport
 }

+func newAppleHTTPTestContext() context.Context {
+	return service.ContextWith[adapter.ConnectionManager](
+		context.Background(),
+		route.NewConnectionManager(log.NewNOPFactory().NewLogger("connection")),
+	)
+}
+
+func appleTransportAnchorOptions(certificatePEM string) option.HTTPClientOptions {
+	return option.HTTPClientOptions{
+		Version: 2,
+		OutboundTLSOptionsContainer: option.OutboundTLSOptionsContainer{
+			TLS: &option.OutboundTLSOptions{
+				Enabled:     true,
+				ServerName:  "localhost",
+				MinVersion:  "1.2",
+				Certificate: badoption.Listable[string]{certificatePEM},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
+
+func restoreAppleTransportFactories(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Helper()
+	oldAnchors := newAppleUserAnchors
+	oldBridge := newAppleProxyBridge
+	oldSession := newAppleTransportSession
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		newAppleUserAnchors = oldAnchors
+		newAppleProxyBridge = oldBridge
+		newAppleTransportSession = oldSession
+	})
+}
+
 func (d *appleHTTPTestDialer) DialContext(ctx context.Context, network string, destination M.Socksaddr) (net.Conn, error) {
 	host := destination.AddrString()
 	if destination.IsDomain() {
--- a/common/httpclient/client.go
+++ b/common/httpclient/client.go
@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ func NewTransport(ctx context.Context, logger logger.ContextLogger, tag string,
 		}
 		managedTransport.epoch.Store(&transportEpoch{transport: inner})
 		return managedTransport, nil
-	case C.TLSEngineDefault, "go":
+	case "", C.TLSEngineGo:
 		cheapRebuild = true
 	default:
 		return nil, E.New("unknown HTTP engine: ", options.Engine)
--- a/common/schannel/doc.go
+++ b/common/schannel/doc.go
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+// Package schannel wraps the Windows Schannel security provider (SSPI) for
+// client-side TLS. The public API is implemented on Windows only; on other
+// platforms the package is empty and intended for transitive imports from
+// build-tagged callers.
+package schannel
--- a/common/schannel/schannel_windows.go
+++ b/common/schannel/schannel_windows.go
@ -0,0 +1,719 @@
+package schannel
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+const clientCredentialFlags = schCredManualCredValidation | schCredNoDefaultCreds | schUseStrongCrypto
+
+var versionCheck = sync.OnceValue(func() error {
+	major, _, build := windows.RtlGetNtVersionNumbers()
+	build &= 0xffff
+	if major < 10 || (major == 10 && build < 17763) {
+		return E.New("Windows TLS engine requires Windows build 17763 or later (Windows 10 version 1809, Windows Server 2019, or newer)")
+	}
+	return nil
+})
+
+// CheckPlatform returns an error when the running Windows version does not
+// support the SCH_CREDENTIALS structure used by this package.
+func CheckPlatform() error {
+	return versionCheck()
+}
+
+type clientCredentialKey struct {
+	disabledProtocols uint32
+	flags             uint32
+}
+
+type clientCredential struct {
+	key       clientCredentialKey
+	once      sync.Once
+	handle    secHandle
+	tlsParams tlsParameters
+	err       error
+}
+
+var clientCredentialCache sync.Map
+
+func cachedClientCredential(minVersion, maxVersion uint16) (*clientCredential, error) {
+	key := clientCredentialKey{
+		disabledProtocols: disabledProtocolsMask(minVersion, maxVersion),
+		flags:             clientCredentialFlags,
+	}
+	actual, _ := clientCredentialCache.LoadOrStore(key, &clientCredential{key: key})
+	credential := actual.(*clientCredential)
+	credential.once.Do(func() {
+		credential.err = credential.acquire()
+	})
+	if credential.err != nil {
+		clientCredentialCache.Delete(key)
+		return nil, credential.err
+	}
+	return credential, nil
+}
+
+func (c *clientCredential) acquire() error {
+	c.tlsParams.grbitDisabledProtocols = c.key.disabledProtocols
+	sch := schCredentials{
+		dwVersion:      schCredentialsVersion,
+		dwFlags:        c.key.flags,
+		cTlsParameters: 1,
+		pTlsParameters: &c.tlsParams,
+	}
+	pkg, err := windows.UTF16PtrFromString(unispNameW)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	var expiry windows.Filetime
+	status := sspiAcquireCredentialsHandle(
+		nil,
+		pkg,
+		secPkgCredOutbound,
+		nil,
+		unsafe.Pointer(&sch),
+		0,
+		0,
+		&c.handle,
+		&expiry,
+	)
+	if status != secEOK {
+		return sspiError("AcquireCredentialsHandle", status)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ClientContext owns the per-connection Schannel security context and drives
+// it through handshake and application-data phases.
+type ClientContext struct {
+	credential *clientCredential
+	handle     secHandle
+	targetName *uint16
+
+	// alpnBuffer is the SEC_APPLICATION_PROTOCOLS blob; kept alive for the
+	// duration of the first handshake call.
+	alpnBuffer []byte
+
+	firstCall bool
+	valid     bool
+}
+
+// NewClientContext allocates a new client context, reuses the Schannel
+// credential handle for the supplied TLS version bounds, and advertises ALPN
+// protocols through an SECBUFFER_APPLICATION_PROTOCOLS buffer on the first
+// handshake call.
+func NewClientContext(minVersion, maxVersion uint16, serverName string, alpn []string) (*ClientContext, error) {
+	if minVersion != 0 && maxVersion != 0 && minVersion > maxVersion {
+		return nil, os.ErrInvalid
+	}
+	err := CheckPlatform()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	targetName, err := windows.UTF16PtrFromString(serverName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	credential, err := cachedClientCredential(minVersion, maxVersion)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	c := &ClientContext{
+		credential: credential,
+		targetName: targetName,
+		firstCall:  true,
+	}
+	if len(alpn) > 0 {
+		c.alpnBuffer, err = encodeAlpnBuffer(alpn)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+// Close releases the per-connection security context. Safe to call multiple
+// times.
+func (c *ClientContext) Close() {
+	if c == nil {
+		return
+	}
+	if c.valid {
+		sspiDeleteSecurityContext(&c.handle)
+		c.valid = false
+		c.handle = secHandle{}
+	}
+}
+
+type StepResult struct {
+	// Output must be written to the peer verbatim before the next Step call.
+	// When Done is true, leftover input[Consumed:] is the first application
+	// ciphertext — not more handshake bytes.
+	Output     []byte
+	Consumed   int
+	Done       bool
+	Incomplete bool
+}
+
+// Step drives one handshake iteration. Input may be nil on the first call.
+// Callers must write Output to the peer, append more peer bytes when
+// Incomplete is true, and loop until Done is true.
+func (c *ClientContext) Step(input []byte) (StepResult, error) {
+	var inputDesc *secBufferDesc
+	var inputBufs [2]secBuffer
+	if c.firstCall {
+		if len(c.alpnBuffer) > 0 {
+			inputBufs[0].bufferType = secbufferApplicationProtocols
+			inputBufs[0].cbBuffer = uint32(len(c.alpnBuffer))
+			inputBufs[0].pvBuffer = &c.alpnBuffer[0]
+			inputDesc = &secBufferDesc{
+				ulVersion: secbufferVersion,
+				cBuffers:  1,
+				pBuffers:  &inputBufs[0],
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		if len(input) == 0 {
+			return StepResult{}, E.New("schannel: empty handshake input after first step")
+		}
+		inputBufs[0].bufferType = secbufferToken
+		inputBufs[0].cbBuffer = uint32(len(input))
+		inputBufs[0].pvBuffer = &input[0]
+		inputBufs[1].bufferType = secbufferEmpty
+		inputDesc = &secBufferDesc{
+			ulVersion: secbufferVersion,
+			cBuffers:  2,
+			pBuffers:  &inputBufs[0],
+		}
+	}
+
+	result, terminal, err := c.runInitializeSecurityContext(inputDesc, "InitializeSecurityContext")
+	if err != nil || terminal {
+		return result, err
+	}
+
+	switch {
+	case c.firstCall:
+		result.Consumed = 0
+	case inputBufs[1].bufferType == secbufferExtra && inputBufs[1].cbBuffer > 0:
+		consumed, extraErr := consumedFromExtra(&inputBufs[1], len(input))
+		if extraErr != nil {
+			return result, extraErr
+		}
+		result.Consumed = consumed
+	default:
+		result.Consumed = len(input)
+	}
+
+	c.firstCall = false
+	c.alpnBuffer = nil
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// StreamSizes must be called after Step returns Done=true.
+func (c *ClientContext) StreamSizes() (header, trailer, maxMessage uint32, err error) {
+	var sizes secPkgContextStreamSizes
+	status := sspiQueryContextAttributes(&c.handle, secpkgAttrStreamSizes, unsafe.Pointer(&sizes))
+	if status != secEOK {
+		return 0, 0, 0, sspiError("QueryContextAttributes(stream sizes)", status)
+	}
+	return sizes.cbHeader, sizes.cbTrailer, sizes.cbMaximumMessage, nil
+}
+
+// Encrypt wraps a plaintext chunk into a TLS record using the supplied
+// backing buffer which must have room for header + plaintext + trailer bytes.
+// Plaintext is copied into buffer starting at `header` offset before calling
+// EncryptMessage. Returns the encrypted record as a slice into buffer.
+func (c *ClientContext) Encrypt(header, trailer uint32, plaintext []byte, buffer []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(buffer) < int(header)+len(plaintext)+int(trailer) {
+		return nil, E.New("schannel: encrypt buffer too small")
+	}
+	copy(buffer[header:], plaintext)
+	headerPtr := &buffer[0]
+	dataPtr := &buffer[header]
+	trailerPtr := &buffer[int(header)+len(plaintext)]
+
+	bufs := [4]secBuffer{
+		{cbBuffer: header, bufferType: secbufferStreamHeader, pvBuffer: headerPtr},
+		{cbBuffer: uint32(len(plaintext)), bufferType: secbufferData, pvBuffer: dataPtr},
+		{cbBuffer: trailer, bufferType: secbufferStreamTrailer, pvBuffer: trailerPtr},
+		{bufferType: secbufferEmpty},
+	}
+	desc := secBufferDesc{
+		ulVersion: secbufferVersion,
+		cBuffers:  4,
+		pBuffers:  &bufs[0],
+	}
+	status := sspiEncryptMessage(&c.handle, 0, &desc, 0)
+	if status != secEOK {
+		return nil, sspiError("EncryptMessage", status)
+	}
+	total := int(bufs[0].cbBuffer + bufs[1].cbBuffer + bufs[2].cbBuffer)
+	return buffer[:total], nil
+}
+
+type DecryptResult struct {
+	// Plaintext aliases memory inside the input buffer passed to Decrypt;
+	// callers must copy before the next Decrypt call reuses that buffer.
+	Plaintext []byte
+	// ConsumedTotal is the number of input bytes Schannel consumed, i.e.
+	// input[ConsumedTotal:] are unprocessed leftover ciphertext.
+	ConsumedTotal int
+	// RenegotiateToken aliases the post-handshake token that must be fed back
+	// through InitializeSecurityContext after SEC_I_RENEGOTIATE.
+	RenegotiateToken []byte
+	Incomplete       bool
+	Renegotiate      bool
+	Expired          bool
+}
+
+// Decrypt processes a chunk of TLS ciphertext in-place. The returned Plaintext
+// aliases memory inside input until the next Decrypt call; callers must copy
+// the bytes they want to keep.
+func (c *ClientContext) Decrypt(input []byte) (DecryptResult, error) {
+	var result DecryptResult
+	if len(input) == 0 {
+		result.Incomplete = true
+		return result, nil
+	}
+	bufs := [4]secBuffer{
+		{cbBuffer: uint32(len(input)), bufferType: secbufferData, pvBuffer: &input[0]},
+		{bufferType: secbufferEmpty},
+		{bufferType: secbufferEmpty},
+		{bufferType: secbufferEmpty},
+	}
+	desc := secBufferDesc{
+		ulVersion: secbufferVersion,
+		cBuffers:  4,
+		pBuffers:  &bufs[0],
+	}
+	status := sspiDecryptMessage(&c.handle, &desc, 0, nil)
+	switch status {
+	case secEOK:
+	case secEIncompleteMessage:
+		result.Incomplete = true
+		return result, nil
+	case secIContextExpired:
+		result.Expired = true
+		return result, nil
+	case secIRenegotiate:
+		result.Renegotiate = true
+	default:
+		return result, sspiError("DecryptMessage", status)
+	}
+	return parseDecryptResult(input, bufs[:], result.Renegotiate)
+}
+
+// PostHandshake processes a TLS 1.3 post-handshake message
+// (NewSessionTicket, KeyUpdate) after DecryptMessage returned
+// SEC_I_RENEGOTIATE. Pass the token preserved from Decrypt on the first call;
+// pass more peer bytes on subsequent calls when Incomplete.
+func (c *ClientContext) PostHandshake(input []byte) (StepResult, error) {
+	var inputDesc *secBufferDesc
+	var inputBufs [2]secBuffer
+	if len(input) > 0 {
+		inputBufs[0].bufferType = secbufferToken
+		inputBufs[0].cbBuffer = uint32(len(input))
+		inputBufs[0].pvBuffer = &input[0]
+		inputBufs[1].bufferType = secbufferEmpty
+		inputDesc = &secBufferDesc{
+			ulVersion: secbufferVersion,
+			cBuffers:  2,
+			pBuffers:  &inputBufs[0],
+		}
+	}
+
+	result, terminal, err := c.runInitializeSecurityContext(inputDesc, "InitializeSecurityContext(post-handshake)")
+	if err != nil || terminal {
+		return result, err
+	}
+
+	if len(input) > 0 && inputBufs[1].bufferType == secbufferExtra && inputBufs[1].cbBuffer > 0 {
+		consumed, extraErr := consumedFromExtra(&inputBufs[1], len(input))
+		if extraErr != nil {
+			return result, extraErr
+		}
+		result.Consumed = consumed
+	} else {
+		result.Consumed = len(input)
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+func parseDecryptResult(input []byte, bufs []secBuffer, renegotiate bool) (DecryptResult, error) {
+	var result DecryptResult
+	var dataBuffer, extraBuffer *secBuffer
+	for index := range bufs {
+		switch bufs[index].bufferType {
+		case secbufferData:
+			dataBuffer = &bufs[index]
+		case secbufferExtra:
+			extraBuffer = &bufs[index]
+		}
+	}
+	if dataBuffer != nil && dataBuffer.cbBuffer > 0 && dataBuffer.pvBuffer != nil {
+		result.Plaintext = unsafe.Slice(dataBuffer.pvBuffer, int(dataBuffer.cbBuffer))
+	}
+	if extraBuffer != nil && extraBuffer.cbBuffer > 0 {
+		consumed, err := consumedFromExtra(extraBuffer, len(input))
+		if err != nil {
+			return result, err
+		}
+		result.ConsumedTotal = consumed
+	} else {
+		result.ConsumedTotal = len(input)
+	}
+	if renegotiate {
+		result.Renegotiate = true
+		if extraBuffer != nil && extraBuffer.cbBuffer > 0 {
+			result.RenegotiateToken = input[result.ConsumedTotal:]
+		} else {
+			result.RenegotiateToken = input
+		}
+	}
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// ApplicationProtocol returns the empty string when ALPN was not negotiated.
+func (c *ClientContext) ApplicationProtocol() (string, error) {
+	var info secPkgContextApplicationProtocol
+	status := sspiQueryContextAttributes(&c.handle, secpkgAttrApplicationProtocol, unsafe.Pointer(&info))
+	if status != secEOK {
+		return "", sspiError("QueryContextAttributes(application protocol)", status)
+	}
+	if info.protoNegoStatus != secApplicationProtocolNegotiationStatusSuccess {
+		return "", nil
+	}
+	size := int(info.protocolIDSize)
+	if size > len(info.protocolID) {
+		return "", E.New("schannel: invalid ALPN protocol size")
+	}
+	return string(info.protocolID[:size]), nil
+}
+
+// ConnectionInfo reports the negotiated TLS version and cipher suite.
+// cipherSuite may be zero when the Windows build does not return a
+// mappable cipher name.
+func (c *ClientContext) ConnectionInfo() (version, cipherSuite uint16, err error) {
+	var info secPkgContextConnectionInfo
+	status := sspiQueryContextAttributes(&c.handle, secpkgAttrConnectionInfo, unsafe.Pointer(&info))
+	if status != secEOK {
+		return 0, 0, sspiError("QueryContextAttributes(connection info)", status)
+	}
+	version = sspProtocolToTLSVersion(info.dwProtocol)
+
+	var cipherInfo secPkgContextCipherInfo
+	cipherInfo.dwVersion = 1
+	status = sspiQueryContextAttributes(&c.handle, secpkgAttrCipherInfo, unsafe.Pointer(&cipherInfo))
+	if status == secEOK {
+		cipherSuite = cipherSuiteID(windows.UTF16ToString(cipherInfo.szCipherSuite[:]))
+	}
+	return version, cipherSuite, nil
+}
+
+func cipherSuiteID(name string) uint16 {
+	for _, suite := range tls.CipherSuites() {
+		if suite.Name == name {
+			return suite.ID
+		}
+	}
+	for _, suite := range tls.InsecureCipherSuites() {
+		if suite.Name == name {
+			return suite.ID
+		}
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+// RemoteCertificateChain returns freshly allocated DER bytes ordered
+// leaf → intermediates.
+func (c *ClientContext) RemoteCertificateChain() ([][]byte, error) {
+	var leaf *windows.CertContext
+	status := sspiQueryContextAttributes(&c.handle, secpkgAttrRemoteCertContext, unsafe.Pointer(&leaf))
+	if status != secEOK {
+		return nil, sspiError("QueryContextAttributes(remote cert context)", status)
+	}
+	if leaf == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+	defer windows.CertFreeCertificateContext(leaf)
+
+	chain, err := buildCertChainDER(leaf)
+	if err != nil {
+		return [][]byte{certContextDER(leaf)}, nil
+	}
+	return chain, nil
+}
+
+const handshakeContextReq = iscReqSequenceDetect |
+	iscReqReplayDetect |
+	iscReqConfidentiality |
+	iscReqAllocateMemory |
+	iscReqStream |
+	iscReqUseSuppliedCreds |
+	iscReqManualCredValidation |
+	iscReqExtendedError
+
+// runInitializeSecurityContext returns terminal=true when the result is
+// final (error or more-data-needed), signalling that the caller must skip
+// extra-buffer post-processing.
+func (c *ClientContext) runInitializeSecurityContext(inputDesc *secBufferDesc, opLabel string) (StepResult, bool, error) {
+	var outputBufs [1]secBuffer
+	outputBufs[0].bufferType = secbufferToken
+	outputDesc := secBufferDesc{
+		ulVersion: secbufferVersion,
+		cBuffers:  1,
+		pBuffers:  &outputBufs[0],
+	}
+	var ctxIn *secHandle
+	if c.valid {
+		ctxIn = &c.handle
+	}
+	var contextAttr uint32
+	var expiry windows.Filetime
+	status := sspiInitializeSecurityContext(
+		&c.credential.handle,
+		ctxIn,
+		c.targetName,
+		handshakeContextReq,
+		0,
+		0,
+		inputDesc,
+		0,
+		&c.handle,
+		&outputDesc,
+		&contextAttr,
+		&expiry,
+	)
+
+	switch status {
+	case secEOK, secICompleteNeeded, secICompleteAndContinue, secIContinueNeeded:
+		c.valid = true
+	}
+	if status == secICompleteNeeded || status == secICompleteAndContinue {
+		completeStatus := sspiCompleteAuthToken(&c.handle, &outputDesc)
+		if completeStatus != secEOK {
+			if outputBufs[0].pvBuffer != nil {
+				sspiFreeContextBuffer(outputBufs[0].pvBuffer)
+			}
+			return StepResult{}, true, sspiError("CompleteAuthToken", completeStatus)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var result StepResult
+	if outputBufs[0].cbBuffer > 0 && outputBufs[0].pvBuffer != nil {
+		result.Output = unsafeSliceCopy(outputBufs[0].pvBuffer, int(outputBufs[0].cbBuffer))
+		sspiFreeContextBuffer(outputBufs[0].pvBuffer)
+	}
+
+	switch status {
+	case secEOK, secICompleteNeeded:
+		result.Done = true
+		return result, false, nil
+	case secIContinueNeeded, secICompleteAndContinue:
+		return result, false, nil
+	case secEIncompleteMessage:
+		c.valid = true
+		result.Incomplete = true
+		return result, true, nil
+	default:
+		return result, true, sspiError(opLabel, status)
+	}
+}
+
+func consumedFromExtra(extraBuf *secBuffer, inputLen int) (int, error) {
+	extraLen := int(extraBuf.cbBuffer)
+	if extraLen > inputLen {
+		return 0, E.New("schannel: SECBUFFER_EXTRA exceeds input length")
+	}
+	return inputLen - extraLen, nil
+}
+
+func disabledProtocolsMask(minVersion, maxVersion uint16) uint32 {
+	allowed := uint32(0)
+	versions := []struct {
+		id   uint16
+		mask uint32
+	}{
+		{tls.VersionTLS10, spProtTLS10Client},
+		{tls.VersionTLS11, spProtTLS11Client},
+		{tls.VersionTLS12, spProtTLS12Client},
+		{tls.VersionTLS13, spProtTLS13Client},
+	}
+	effectiveMin := minVersion
+	if effectiveMin == 0 {
+		effectiveMin = tls.VersionTLS12
+		if maxVersion != 0 && maxVersion < tls.VersionTLS12 {
+			effectiveMin = versions[0].id
+		}
+	}
+	effectiveMax := maxVersion
+	if effectiveMax == 0 {
+		effectiveMax = tls.VersionTLS13
+	}
+	for _, v := range versions {
+		if v.id >= effectiveMin && v.id <= effectiveMax {
+			allowed |= v.mask
+		}
+	}
+	if allowed == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return spProtAllTLSClients &^ allowed
+}
+
+func sspProtocolToTLSVersion(sp uint32) uint16 {
+	switch {
+	case sp&spProtTLS13Client != 0:
+		return tls.VersionTLS13
+	case sp&spProtTLS12Client != 0:
+		return tls.VersionTLS12
+	case sp&spProtTLS11Client != 0:
+		return tls.VersionTLS11
+	case sp&spProtTLS10Client != 0:
+		return tls.VersionTLS10
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func encodeAlpnBuffer(protocols []string) ([]byte, error) {
+	var protoList []byte
+	for _, proto := range protocols {
+		if len(proto) == 0 || len(proto) > 255 {
+			return nil, E.New("schannel: invalid ALPN protocol: ", proto)
+		}
+		protoList = append(protoList, byte(len(proto)))
+		protoList = append(protoList, []byte(proto)...)
+	}
+	if len(protoList) > 0xFFFF {
+		return nil, E.New("schannel: ALPN list too long")
+	}
+	// Layout:
+	//   uint32 ProtocolListsSize
+	//     uint32 ProtoNegoExt
+	//     uint16 ProtocolListSize
+	//     bytes  ProtocolList
+	inner := 4 + 2 + len(protoList)
+	buffer := make([]byte, 4+inner)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buffer[0:4], uint32(inner))
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint32(buffer[4:8], secApplicationProtocolNegotiationExtALPN)
+	binary.LittleEndian.PutUint16(buffer[8:10], uint16(len(protoList)))
+	copy(buffer[10:], protoList)
+	return buffer, nil
+}
+
+func unsafeSliceCopy(ptr *byte, size int) []byte {
+	if ptr == nil || size <= 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]byte, size)
+	copy(out, unsafe.Slice(ptr, size))
+	return out
+}
+
+func certContextDER(ctx *windows.CertContext) []byte {
+	if ctx == nil || ctx.EncodedCert == nil || ctx.Length == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	out := make([]byte, ctx.Length)
+	copy(out, unsafe.Slice(ctx.EncodedCert, int(ctx.Length)))
+	return out
+}
+
+func buildCertChainDER(leaf *windows.CertContext) ([][]byte, error) {
+	var chainPara windows.CertChainPara
+	chainPara.Size = uint32(unsafe.Sizeof(chainPara))
+	var chainCtx *windows.CertChainContext
+	err := windows.CertGetCertificateChain(0, leaf, nil, leaf.Store, &chainPara, 0, 0, &chainCtx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer windows.CertFreeCertificateChain(chainCtx)
+	return extractCertChainDER(chainCtx)
+}
+
+func extractCertChainDER(chainCtx *windows.CertChainContext) ([][]byte, error) {
+	if chainCtx == nil || chainCtx.ChainCount == 0 || chainCtx.Chains == nil {
+		return nil, E.New("schannel: empty certificate chain")
+	}
+	chains := unsafe.Slice(chainCtx.Chains, int(chainCtx.ChainCount))
+	chain := chains[0]
+	if chain == nil || chain.NumElements == 0 || chain.Elements == nil {
+		return nil, E.New("schannel: empty certificate chain")
+	}
+	elements := unsafe.Slice(chain.Elements, int(chain.NumElements))
+	if len(elements) > 1 &&
+		chain.TrustStatus.ErrorStatus&windows.CERT_TRUST_IS_PARTIAL_CHAIN == 0 &&
+		isSelfSignedCertContext(elements[len(elements)-1].CertContext) {
+		elements = elements[:len(elements)-1]
+	}
+	derChain := make([][]byte, 0, len(elements))
+	for index, element := range elements {
+		if element == nil || element.CertContext == nil {
+			return nil, E.New("schannel: missing certificate chain element ", index)
+		}
+		der := certContextDER(element.CertContext)
+		if len(der) == 0 {
+			return nil, E.New("schannel: empty certificate chain element ", index)
+		}
+		derChain = append(derChain, der)
+	}
+	return derChain, nil
+}
+
+func isSelfSignedCertContext(ctx *windows.CertContext) bool {
+	if ctx == nil || ctx.CertInfo == nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	return bytes.Equal(
+		certNameBlobBytes(ctx.CertInfo.Issuer),
+		certNameBlobBytes(ctx.CertInfo.Subject),
+	)
+}
+
+func certNameBlobBytes(blob windows.CertNameBlob) []byte {
+	if blob.Size == 0 || blob.Data == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return unsafe.Slice(blob.Data, int(blob.Size))
+}
+
+func sspiError(where string, status syscall.Errno) error {
+	return E.New("schannel: ", where, ": ", formatStatus(status))
+}
+
+var statusNames = map[syscall.Errno]string{
+	secEUnsupportedFunc:           "SEC_E_UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTION",
+	secEInternalError:             "SEC_E_INTERNAL_ERROR",
+	secEInvalidToken:              "SEC_E_INVALID_TOKEN",
+	secELogonDenied:               "SEC_E_LOGON_DENIED",
+	secEMessageAltered:            "SEC_E_MESSAGE_ALTERED",
+	secENoAuthenticatingAuthority: "SEC_E_NO_AUTHENTICATING_AUTHORITY",
+	secEContextExpired:            "SEC_E_CONTEXT_EXPIRED",
+	secEIncompleteMessage:         "SEC_E_INCOMPLETE_MESSAGE",
+	secEIncompleteCreds:           "SEC_E_INCOMPLETE_CREDENTIALS",
+	secEBufferTooSmall:            "SEC_E_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL",
+	secEWrongPrincipal:            "SEC_E_WRONG_PRINCIPAL",
+	secEIllegalMessage:            "SEC_E_ILLEGAL_MESSAGE",
+	secECertUnknown:               "SEC_E_CERT_UNKNOWN",
+	secECertExpired:               "SEC_E_CERT_EXPIRED",
+	secEAlgorithmMismatch:         "SEC_E_ALGORITHM_MISMATCH",
+}
+
+func formatStatus(status syscall.Errno) string {
+	name, loaded := statusNames[status]
+	if !loaded {
+		return status.Error()
+	}
+	return name + ": " + status.Error()
+}
--- a/common/schannel/schannel_windows_test.go
+++ b/common/schannel/schannel_windows_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package schannel
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"testing"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+func TestExtractCertChainDERExcludesSelfSignedRoot(t *testing.T) {
+	leaf := certContextForTest([]byte("leaf"), []byte("intermediate"), []byte("leaf"))
+	intermediate := certContextForTest([]byte("intermediate"), []byte("root"), []byte("intermediate"))
+	root := certContextForTest([]byte("root"), []byte("root"), []byte("root"))
+
+	chainCtx := certChainContextForTest(leaf, intermediate, root)
+	derChain, err := extractCertChainDER(chainCtx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(derChain) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 certificates, got %d", len(derChain))
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(derChain[0], []byte("leaf")) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected leaf certificate: %q", string(derChain[0]))
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(derChain[1], []byte("intermediate")) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected intermediate certificate: %q", string(derChain[1]))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExtractCertChainDERKeepsLastIntermediateWithoutRoot(t *testing.T) {
+	leaf := certContextForTest([]byte("leaf"), []byte("intermediate"), []byte("leaf"))
+	intermediate := certContextForTest([]byte("intermediate"), []byte("root"), []byte("intermediate"))
+
+	chainCtx := certChainContextForTest(leaf, intermediate)
+	derChain, err := extractCertChainDER(chainCtx)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if len(derChain) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 2 certificates, got %d", len(derChain))
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(derChain[1], []byte("intermediate")) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected last certificate: %q", string(derChain[1]))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDisabledProtocolsMask(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name       string
+		minVersion uint16
+		maxVersion uint16
+		want       uint32
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "default range",
+			want: spProtAllTLSClients &^ (spProtTLS12Client | spProtTLS13Client),
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "default minimum with explicit max",
+			maxVersion: tls.VersionTLS12,
+			want:       spProtAllTLSClients &^ spProtTLS12Client,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "explicit tls10 range",
+			minVersion: tls.VersionTLS10,
+			maxVersion: tls.VersionTLS13,
+			want:       0,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, testCase := range testCases {
+		t.Run(testCase.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := disabledProtocolsMask(testCase.minVersion, testCase.maxVersion)
+			if got != testCase.want {
+				t.Fatalf("disabledProtocolsMask(%#x, %#x) = %#x, want %#x", testCase.minVersion, testCase.maxVersion, got, testCase.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestClientCredentialCacheReusesVersionRange(t *testing.T) {
+	if err := CheckPlatform(); err != nil {
+		t.Skip(err)
+	}
+	first, err := NewClientContext(tls.VersionTLS12, tls.VersionTLS13, "localhost", []string{"h2"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer first.Close()
+	second, err := NewClientContext(tls.VersionTLS12, tls.VersionTLS13, "example.com", []string{"http/1.1"})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer second.Close()
+	if first.credential != second.credential {
+		t.Fatal("expected same TLS version range to reuse credential")
+	}
+
+	tls12Only, err := NewClientContext(tls.VersionTLS12, tls.VersionTLS12, "localhost", nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer tls12Only.Close()
+	if first.credential == tls12Only.credential {
+		t.Fatal("expected distinct TLS version range to use a distinct credential")
+	}
+	if first.credential.key.disabledProtocols != disabledProtocolsMask(tls.VersionTLS12, tls.VersionTLS13) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected cached disabled protocol mask: %#x", first.credential.key.disabledProtocols)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseDecryptResultKeepsRenegotiateExtraToken(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte("plain-ticket")
+	result, err := parseDecryptResult(input, []secBuffer{
+		{bufferType: secbufferExtra, cbBuffer: 6},
+	}, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !result.Renegotiate {
+		t.Fatal("expected Renegotiate to be true")
+	}
+	if result.ConsumedTotal != len(input)-6 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected consumed total: %d", result.ConsumedTotal)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(result.RenegotiateToken, []byte("ticket")) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected renegotiate token: %q", string(result.RenegotiateToken))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestParseDecryptResultKeepsRenegotiateWholeBufferWithoutExtra(t *testing.T) {
+	input := []byte("ticket")
+	result, err := parseDecryptResult(input, []secBuffer{
+		{bufferType: secbufferData, cbBuffer: uint32(len(input)), pvBuffer: &input[0]},
+	}, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !result.Renegotiate {
+		t.Fatal("expected Renegotiate to be true")
+	}
+	if result.ConsumedTotal != len(input) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected consumed total: %d", result.ConsumedTotal)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(result.RenegotiateToken, input) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected renegotiate token: %q", string(result.RenegotiateToken))
+	}
+}
+
+func certChainContextForTest(certs ...*windows.CertContext) *windows.CertChainContext {
+	elements := make([]*windows.CertChainElement, 0, len(certs))
+	for _, cert := range certs {
+		elements = append(elements, &windows.CertChainElement{CertContext: cert})
+	}
+	simpleChain := &windows.CertSimpleChain{
+		NumElements: uint32(len(elements)),
+		Elements:    &elements[0],
+	}
+	chains := []*windows.CertSimpleChain{simpleChain}
+	return &windows.CertChainContext{
+		ChainCount: 1,
+		Chains:     &chains[0],
+	}
+}
+
+func certContextForTest(der, issuer, subject []byte) *windows.CertContext {
+	certInfo := &windows.CertInfo{
+		Issuer:  certNameBlobForTest(issuer),
+		Subject: certNameBlobForTest(subject),
+	}
+	return &windows.CertContext{
+		EncodedCert: &der[0],
+		Length:      uint32(len(der)),
+		CertInfo:    certInfo,
+	}
+}
+
+func certNameBlobForTest(value []byte) windows.CertNameBlob {
+	return windows.CertNameBlob{
+		Size: uint32(len(value)),
+		Data: (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(&value[0])),
+	}
+}
--- a/common/schannel/syscall_windows.go
+++ b/common/schannel/syscall_windows.go
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package schannel
+
+import (
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+//go:generate go run golang.org/x/sys/windows/mkwinsyscall -output zsyscall_windows.go syscall_windows.go
+
+// secur32.dll — SSPI / Schannel interface
+
+//sys sspiAcquireCredentialsHandle(principal *uint16, pkgname *uint16, credentialUse uint32, logonID *uint64, authData unsafe.Pointer, getKeyFn uintptr, getKeyArg uintptr, credential *secHandle, expiry *windows.Filetime) (ret syscall.Errno) = secur32.AcquireCredentialsHandleW
+//sys sspiFreeCredentialsHandle(credential *secHandle) (ret syscall.Errno) = secur32.FreeCredentialsHandle
+//sys sspiInitializeSecurityContext(credential *secHandle, context *secHandle, targetName *uint16, contextReq uint32, reserved1 uint32, targetDataRep uint32, input *secBufferDesc, reserved2 uint32, newContext *secHandle, output *secBufferDesc, contextAttr *uint32, expiry *windows.Filetime) (ret syscall.Errno) = secur32.InitializeSecurityContextW
+//sys sspiDeleteSecurityContext(context *secHandle) (ret syscall.Errno) = secur32.DeleteSecurityContext
+//sys sspiQueryContextAttributes(context *secHandle, attribute uint32, buffer unsafe.Pointer) (ret syscall.Errno) = secur32.QueryContextAttributesW
+//sys sspiEncryptMessage(context *secHandle, qop uint32, message *secBufferDesc, sequenceNumber uint32) (ret syscall.Errno) = secur32.EncryptMessage
+//sys sspiDecryptMessage(context *secHandle, message *secBufferDesc, sequenceNumber uint32, qop *uint32) (ret syscall.Errno) = secur32.DecryptMessage
+//sys sspiFreeContextBuffer(buffer *byte) (ret syscall.Errno) = secur32.FreeContextBuffer
+
+// mkwinsyscall does not emit CompleteAuthToken for this package, so bind it manually.
+var procCompleteAuthToken = modsecur32.NewProc("CompleteAuthToken")
+
+func sspiCompleteAuthToken(context *secHandle, token *secBufferDesc) (ret syscall.Errno) {
+	r0, _, _ := syscall.SyscallN(procCompleteAuthToken.Addr(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(context)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(token)))
+	ret = syscall.Errno(r0)
+	return
+}
--- a/common/schannel/types_windows.go
+++ b/common/schannel/types_windows.go
@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+package schannel
+
+import (
+	"syscall"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+const (
+	unispNameW = "Microsoft Unified Security Protocol Provider"
+
+	schCredentialsVersion = 5
+
+	secPkgCredOutbound = 2
+
+	iscReqSequenceDetect       = 0x00000008
+	iscReqReplayDetect         = 0x00000004
+	iscReqConfidentiality      = 0x00000010
+	iscReqAllocateMemory       = 0x00000100
+	iscReqStream               = 0x00008000
+	iscReqUseSuppliedCreds     = 0x00000080
+	iscReqManualCredValidation = 0x00080000
+	iscReqExtendedError        = 0x00004000
+
+	secbufferEmpty                = 0
+	secbufferData                 = 1
+	secbufferToken                = 2
+	secbufferExtra                = 5
+	secbufferStreamTrailer        = 6
+	secbufferStreamHeader         = 7
+	secbufferApplicationProtocols = 18
+	secbufferVersion              = 0
+
+	secApplicationProtocolNegotiationExtALPN = 2
+
+	secApplicationProtocolNegotiationStatusSuccess = 1
+
+	schCredManualCredValidation = 0x00000008
+	schCredNoDefaultCreds       = 0x00000010
+	schUseStrongCrypto          = 0x00400000
+
+	spProtTLS10Client = 0x00000080
+	spProtTLS11Client = 0x00000200
+	spProtTLS12Client = 0x00000800
+	spProtTLS13Client = 0x00002000
+
+	spProtAllTLSClients = spProtTLS10Client | spProtTLS11Client | spProtTLS12Client | spProtTLS13Client
+
+	secpkgAttrStreamSizes         = 4
+	secpkgAttrConnectionInfo      = 0x5A
+	secpkgAttrApplicationProtocol = 0x23
+	secpkgAttrCipherInfo          = 0x64
+	secpkgAttrRemoteCertContext   = 0x53
+)
+
+const (
+	secEOK                        = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_OK)
+	secICompleteNeeded            = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_I_COMPLETE_NEEDED)
+	secICompleteAndContinue       = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_I_COMPLETE_AND_CONTINUE)
+	secIContinueNeeded            = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_I_CONTINUE_NEEDED)
+	secIContextExpired            = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_I_CONTEXT_EXPIRED)
+	secIRenegotiate               = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_I_RENEGOTIATE)
+	secEIncompleteMessage         = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_INCOMPLETE_MESSAGE)
+	secEIncompleteCreds           = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_INCOMPLETE_CREDENTIALS)
+	secEBufferTooSmall            = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL)
+	secEMessageAltered            = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_MESSAGE_ALTERED)
+	secEContextExpired            = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_CONTEXT_EXPIRED)
+	secEUnsupportedFunc           = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_UNSUPPORTED_FUNCTION)
+	secEInvalidToken              = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_INVALID_TOKEN)
+	secELogonDenied               = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_LOGON_DENIED)
+	secEIllegalMessage            = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_ILLEGAL_MESSAGE)
+	secEWrongPrincipal            = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_WRONG_PRINCIPAL)
+	secECertUnknown               = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_CERT_UNKNOWN)
+	secECertExpired               = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_CERT_EXPIRED)
+	secEAlgorithmMismatch         = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_ALGORITHM_MISMATCH)
+	secEInternalError             = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_INTERNAL_ERROR)
+	secENoAuthenticatingAuthority = syscall.Errno(windows.SEC_E_NO_AUTHENTICATING_AUTHORITY)
+)
+
+type secHandle struct {
+	lower uintptr
+	upper uintptr
+}
+
+type secBuffer struct {
+	cbBuffer   uint32
+	bufferType uint32
+	pvBuffer   *byte
+}
+
+type secBufferDesc struct {
+	ulVersion uint32
+	cBuffers  uint32
+	pBuffers  *secBuffer
+}
+
+type schCredentials struct {
+	dwVersion         uint32
+	dwCredFormat      uint32
+	cCreds            uint32
+	paCred            uintptr
+	hRootStore        windows.Handle
+	cMappers          uint32
+	aphMappers        uintptr
+	dwSessionLifespan uint32
+	dwFlags           uint32
+	cTlsParameters    uint32
+	pTlsParameters    *tlsParameters
+}
+
+type tlsParameters struct {
+	cAlpnIds               uint32
+	rgstrAlpnIds           uintptr
+	grbitDisabledProtocols uint32
+	cDisabledCrypto        uint32
+	pDisabledCrypto        uintptr
+	dwFlags                uint32
+}
+
+type secPkgContextStreamSizes struct {
+	cbHeader         uint32
+	cbTrailer        uint32
+	cbMaximumMessage uint32
+	cBuffers         uint32
+	cbBlockSize      uint32
+}
+
+type secPkgContextConnectionInfo struct {
+	dwProtocol       uint32
+	aiCipher         uint32
+	dwCipherStrength uint32
+	aiHash           uint32
+	dwHashStrength   uint32
+	aiExch           uint32
+	dwExchStrength   uint32
+}
+
+type secPkgContextApplicationProtocol struct {
+	protoNegoStatus uint32
+	protoNegoExt    uint32
+	protocolIDSize  byte
+	protocolID      [255]byte
+}
+
+type secPkgContextCipherInfo struct {
+	dwVersion         uint32
+	dwProtocol        uint32
+	dwCipherSuite     uint32
+	dwBaseCipherSuite uint32
+	szCipherSuite     [64]uint16
+	szCipher          [64]uint16
+	dwCipherLen       uint32
+	dwCipherBlockLen  uint32
+	szHash            [64]uint16
+	dwHashLen         uint32
+	szExchange        [64]uint16
+	dwMinExchangeLen  uint32
+	dwMaxExchangeLen  uint32
+	szCertificate     [64]uint16
+	dwKeyType         uint32
+}
--- a/common/schannel/zsyscall_windows.go
+++ b/common/schannel/zsyscall_windows.go
@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+// Code generated by 'go generate'; DO NOT EDIT.
+
+package schannel
+
+import (
+	"syscall"
+	"unsafe"
+
+	"golang.org/x/sys/windows"
+)
+
+var _ unsafe.Pointer
+
+// Do the interface allocations only once for common
+// Errno values.
+const (
+	errnoERROR_IO_PENDING = 997
+)
+
+var (
+	errERROR_IO_PENDING error = syscall.Errno(errnoERROR_IO_PENDING)
+	errERROR_EINVAL     error = syscall.EINVAL
+)
+
+// errnoErr returns common boxed Errno values, to prevent
+// allocations at runtime.
+func errnoErr(e syscall.Errno) error {
+	switch e {
+	case 0:
+		return errERROR_EINVAL
+	case errnoERROR_IO_PENDING:
+		return errERROR_IO_PENDING
+	}
+	// TODO: add more here, after collecting data on the common
+	// error values see on Windows. (perhaps when running
+	// all.bat?)
+	return e
+}
+
+var (
+	modsecur32 = windows.NewLazySystemDLL("secur32.dll")
+
+	procAcquireCredentialsHandleW  = modsecur32.NewProc("AcquireCredentialsHandleW")
+	procDecryptMessage             = modsecur32.NewProc("DecryptMessage")
+	procDeleteSecurityContext      = modsecur32.NewProc("DeleteSecurityContext")
+	procEncryptMessage             = modsecur32.NewProc("EncryptMessage")
+	procFreeContextBuffer          = modsecur32.NewProc("FreeContextBuffer")
+	procFreeCredentialsHandle      = modsecur32.NewProc("FreeCredentialsHandle")
+	procInitializeSecurityContextW = modsecur32.NewProc("InitializeSecurityContextW")
+	procQueryContextAttributesW    = modsecur32.NewProc("QueryContextAttributesW")
+)
+
+func sspiAcquireCredentialsHandle(principal *uint16, pkgname *uint16, credentialUse uint32, logonID *uint64, authData unsafe.Pointer, getKeyFn uintptr, getKeyArg uintptr, credential *secHandle, expiry *windows.Filetime) (ret syscall.Errno) {
+	r0, _, _ := syscall.SyscallN(procAcquireCredentialsHandleW.Addr(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(principal)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(pkgname)), uintptr(credentialUse), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(logonID)), uintptr(authData), uintptr(getKeyFn), uintptr(getKeyArg), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(credential)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(expiry)))
+	ret = syscall.Errno(r0)
+	return
+}
+
+func sspiDecryptMessage(context *secHandle, message *secBufferDesc, sequenceNumber uint32, qop *uint32) (ret syscall.Errno) {
+	r0, _, _ := syscall.SyscallN(procDecryptMessage.Addr(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(context)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(message)), uintptr(sequenceNumber), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(qop)))
+	ret = syscall.Errno(r0)
+	return
+}
+
+func sspiDeleteSecurityContext(context *secHandle) (ret syscall.Errno) {
+	r0, _, _ := syscall.SyscallN(procDeleteSecurityContext.Addr(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(context)))
+	ret = syscall.Errno(r0)
+	return
+}
+
+func sspiEncryptMessage(context *secHandle, qop uint32, message *secBufferDesc, sequenceNumber uint32) (ret syscall.Errno) {
+	r0, _, _ := syscall.SyscallN(procEncryptMessage.Addr(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(context)), uintptr(qop), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(message)), uintptr(sequenceNumber))
+	ret = syscall.Errno(r0)
+	return
+}
+
+func sspiFreeContextBuffer(buffer *byte) (ret syscall.Errno) {
+	r0, _, _ := syscall.SyscallN(procFreeContextBuffer.Addr(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(buffer)))
+	ret = syscall.Errno(r0)
+	return
+}
+
+func sspiFreeCredentialsHandle(credential *secHandle) (ret syscall.Errno) {
+	r0, _, _ := syscall.SyscallN(procFreeCredentialsHandle.Addr(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(credential)))
+	ret = syscall.Errno(r0)
+	return
+}
+
+func sspiInitializeSecurityContext(credential *secHandle, context *secHandle, targetName *uint16, contextReq uint32, reserved1 uint32, targetDataRep uint32, input *secBufferDesc, reserved2 uint32, newContext *secHandle, output *secBufferDesc, contextAttr *uint32, expiry *windows.Filetime) (ret syscall.Errno) {
+	r0, _, _ := syscall.SyscallN(procInitializeSecurityContextW.Addr(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(credential)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(context)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(targetName)), uintptr(contextReq), uintptr(reserved1), uintptr(targetDataRep), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(input)), uintptr(reserved2), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(newContext)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(output)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(contextAttr)), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(expiry)))
+	ret = syscall.Errno(r0)
+	return
+}
+
+func sspiQueryContextAttributes(context *secHandle, attribute uint32, buffer unsafe.Pointer) (ret syscall.Errno) {
+	r0, _, _ := syscall.SyscallN(procQueryContextAttributesW.Addr(), uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(context)), uintptr(attribute), uintptr(buffer))
+	ret = syscall.Errno(r0)
+	return
+}
--- a/common/tls/apple_client.go
+++ b/common/tls/apple_client.go
@ -4,218 +4,41 @@ package tls

 import (
 	"context"
-	"net"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
-	boxConstant "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/certificate"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
-	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/ntp"
-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/service"
 )

-type appleCertificateStore interface {
-	StoreKind() string
-	CurrentPEM() []string
-}
+const appleTLSEngineName = "Apple TLS engine"

 type appleClientConfig struct {
-	serverName                 string
-	nextProtos                 []string
-	handshakeTimeout           time.Duration
-	minVersion                 uint16
-	maxVersion                 uint16
-	insecure                   bool
-	anchorPEM                  string
-	anchorOnly                 bool
-	certificatePublicKeySHA256 [][]byte
-	timeFunc                   func() time.Time
-}
-
-func (c *appleClientConfig) ServerName() string {
-	return c.serverName
-}
-
-func (c *appleClientConfig) SetServerName(serverName string) {
-	c.serverName = serverName
-}
-
-func (c *appleClientConfig) NextProtos() []string {
-	return c.nextProtos
-}
-
-func (c *appleClientConfig) SetNextProtos(nextProto []string) {
-	c.nextProtos = append(c.nextProtos[:0], nextProto...)
-}
-
-func (c *appleClientConfig) HandshakeTimeout() time.Duration {
-	return c.handshakeTimeout
-}
-
-func (c *appleClientConfig) SetHandshakeTimeout(timeout time.Duration) {
-	c.handshakeTimeout = timeout
-}
-
-func (c *appleClientConfig) STDConfig() (*STDConfig, error) {
-	return nil, E.New("unsupported usage for Apple TLS engine")
-}
-
-func (c *appleClientConfig) Client(conn net.Conn) (Conn, error) {
-	return nil, os.ErrInvalid
+	systemTLSConfig
+	userPEM []byte
 }

 func (c *appleClientConfig) Clone() Config {
 	return &appleClientConfig{
-		serverName:                 c.serverName,
-		nextProtos:                 append([]string(nil), c.nextProtos...),
-		handshakeTimeout:           c.handshakeTimeout,
-		minVersion:                 c.minVersion,
-		maxVersion:                 c.maxVersion,
-		insecure:                   c.insecure,
-		anchorPEM:                  c.anchorPEM,
-		anchorOnly:                 c.anchorOnly,
-		certificatePublicKeySHA256: append([][]byte(nil), c.certificatePublicKeySHA256...),
-		timeFunc:                   c.timeFunc,
+		systemTLSConfig: c.systemTLSConfig.clone(),
+		userPEM:         append([]byte(nil), c.userPEM...),
 	}
 }

+func (c *appleClientConfig) resolveAnchors() (adapter.AppleAnchors, error) {
+	if len(c.userPEM) > 0 {
+		return certificate.NewAppleAnchors(c.userPEM)
+	}
+	return certificate.AcquireAnchors(nil, c.store), nil
+}
+
 func newAppleClient(ctx context.Context, logger logger.ContextLogger, serverAddress string, options option.OutboundTLSOptions, allowEmptyServerName bool) (Config, error) {
-	validated, err := ValidateAppleTLSOptions(ctx, options, "Apple TLS engine")
+	base, validated, err := newSystemTLSConfig(ctx, serverAddress, options, allowEmptyServerName, appleTLSEngineName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
-
-	var serverName string
-	if options.ServerName != "" {
-		serverName = options.ServerName
-	} else if serverAddress != "" {
-		serverName = serverAddress
-	}
-	if serverName == "" && !options.Insecure && !allowEmptyServerName {
-		return nil, errMissingServerName
-	}
-
-	var handshakeTimeout time.Duration
-	if options.HandshakeTimeout > 0 {
-		handshakeTimeout = options.HandshakeTimeout.Build()
-	} else {
-		handshakeTimeout = boxConstant.TCPTimeout
-	}
-
 	return &appleClientConfig{
-		serverName:                 serverName,
-		nextProtos:                 append([]string(nil), options.ALPN...),
-		handshakeTimeout:           handshakeTimeout,
-		minVersion:                 validated.MinVersion,
-		maxVersion:                 validated.MaxVersion,
-		insecure:                   options.Insecure || len(options.CertificatePublicKeySHA256) > 0,
-		anchorPEM:                  validated.AnchorPEM,
-		anchorOnly:                 validated.AnchorOnly,
-		certificatePublicKeySHA256: append([][]byte(nil), options.CertificatePublicKeySHA256...),
-		timeFunc:                   ntp.TimeFuncFromContext(ctx),
+		systemTLSConfig: base,
+		userPEM:         append([]byte(nil), validated.UserPEM...),
 	}, nil
 }
-
-type AppleTLSValidated struct {
-	MinVersion uint16
-	MaxVersion uint16
-	AnchorPEM  string
-	AnchorOnly bool
-}
-
-func ValidateAppleTLSOptions(ctx context.Context, options option.OutboundTLSOptions, engineName string) (AppleTLSValidated, error) {
-	if options.Reality != nil && options.Reality.Enabled {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("reality is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if options.UTLS != nil && options.UTLS.Enabled {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("utls is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if options.ECH != nil && options.ECH.Enabled {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("ech is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if options.DisableSNI {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("disable_sni is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if len(options.CipherSuites) > 0 {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("cipher_suites is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if len(options.CurvePreferences) > 0 {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("curve_preferences is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if len(options.ClientCertificate) > 0 || options.ClientCertificatePath != "" || len(options.ClientKey) > 0 || options.ClientKeyPath != "" {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("client certificate is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if options.Fragment || options.RecordFragment {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("tls fragment is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if options.KernelTx || options.KernelRx {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("ktls is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if options.Spoof != "" || options.SpoofMethod != "" {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("spoof is unsupported in ", engineName)
-	}
-	if len(options.CertificatePublicKeySHA256) > 0 && (len(options.Certificate) > 0 || options.CertificatePath != "") {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.New("certificate_public_key_sha256 is conflict with certificate or certificate_path")
-	}
-	var minVersion uint16
-	if options.MinVersion != "" {
-		var err error
-		minVersion, err = ParseTLSVersion(options.MinVersion)
-		if err != nil {
-			return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.Cause(err, "parse min_version")
-		}
-	}
-	var maxVersion uint16
-	if options.MaxVersion != "" {
-		var err error
-		maxVersion, err = ParseTLSVersion(options.MaxVersion)
-		if err != nil {
-			return AppleTLSValidated{}, E.Cause(err, "parse max_version")
-		}
-	}
-	anchorPEM, anchorOnly, err := AppleAnchorPEM(ctx, options)
-	if err != nil {
-		return AppleTLSValidated{}, err
-	}
-	return AppleTLSValidated{
-		MinVersion: minVersion,
-		MaxVersion: maxVersion,
-		AnchorPEM:  anchorPEM,
-		AnchorOnly: anchorOnly,
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func AppleAnchorPEM(ctx context.Context, options option.OutboundTLSOptions) (string, bool, error) {
-	if len(options.Certificate) > 0 {
-		return strings.Join(options.Certificate, "\n"), true, nil
-	}
-	if options.CertificatePath != "" {
-		content, err := os.ReadFile(options.CertificatePath)
-		if err != nil {
-			return "", false, E.Cause(err, "read certificate")
-		}
-		return string(content), true, nil
-	}
-
-	certificateStore := service.FromContext[adapter.CertificateStore](ctx)
-	if certificateStore == nil {
-		return "", false, nil
-	}
-	store, ok := certificateStore.(appleCertificateStore)
-	if !ok {
-		return "", false, nil
-	}
-
-	switch store.StoreKind() {
-	case boxConstant.CertificateStoreSystem, "":
-		return strings.Join(store.CurrentPEM(), "\n"), false, nil
-	case boxConstant.CertificateStoreMozilla, boxConstant.CertificateStoreChrome, boxConstant.CertificateStoreNone:
-		return strings.Join(store.CurrentPEM(), "\n"), true, nil
-	default:
-		return "", false, E.New("unsupported certificate store for Apple TLS engine: ", store.StoreKind())
-	}
-}
--- a/common/tls/apple_client_platform.go
+++ b/common/tls/apple_client_platform.go
@ -20,24 +20,25 @@ import (
 	"math"
 	"net"
 	"os"
+	"runtime/cgo"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
-	"syscall"
 	"time"
 	"unsafe"

-	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/buf"
 	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
+	N "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/network"

 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )

 func (c *appleClientConfig) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn) (Conn, error) {
-	rawSyscallConn, ok := common.Cast[syscall.Conn](conn)
+	tcpConn, ok := N.UnwrapReader(conn).(*net.TCPConn)
 	if !ok {
 		return nil, E.New("apple TLS: requires fd-backed TCP connection")
 	}
-	syscallConn, err := rawSyscallConn.SyscallConn()
+	syscallConn, err := tcpConn.SyscallConn()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, E.Cause(err, "access raw connection")
 	}
@ -61,8 +62,14 @@ func (c *appleClientConfig) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn)
 	alpnPtr := cStringOrNil(alpn)
 	defer cFree(alpnPtr)

-	anchorPEMPtr := cStringOrNil(c.anchorPEM)
-	defer cFree(anchorPEMPtr)
+	anchors, err := c.resolveAnchors()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var anchorsRef unsafe.Pointer
+	if anchors != nil {
+		anchorsRef = anchors.Ref()
+	}

 	var (
 		hasVerifyTime       bool
@ -82,13 +89,15 @@ func (c *appleClientConfig) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn)
 		C.uint16_t(c.minVersion),
 		C.uint16_t(c.maxVersion),
 		C.bool(c.insecure),
-		anchorPEMPtr,
-		C.size_t(len(c.anchorPEM)),
+		anchorsRef,
 		C.bool(c.anchorOnly),
 		C.bool(hasVerifyTime),
 		C.int64_t(verifyTimeUnixMilli),
 		&errorPtr,
 	)
+	if anchors != nil {
+		anchors.Release()
+	}
 	if client == nil {
 		if errorPtr != nil {
 			defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(errorPtr))
@ -138,21 +147,27 @@ func (c *appleClientConfig) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn)
 	}, nil
 }

-const appleTLSHandshakePollInterval = 100 * time.Millisecond
+const (
+	appleTLSHandshakePollInterval = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	appleTLSWriteChunkSize        = 32 * 1024
+)

 func waitAppleTLSClientReady(ctx context.Context, client *C.box_apple_tls_client_t) error {
 	for {
-		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+		err := ctx.Err()
+		if err != nil {
 			C.box_apple_tls_client_cancel(client)
 			return err
 		}

 		waitTimeout := appleTLSHandshakePollInterval
-		if deadline, loaded := ctx.Deadline(); loaded {
+		deadline, loaded := ctx.Deadline()
+		if loaded {
 			remaining := time.Until(deadline)
 			if remaining <= 0 {
 				C.box_apple_tls_client_cancel(client)
-				if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+				err = ctx.Err()
+				if err != nil {
 					return err
 				}
 				return context.DeadlineExceeded
@ -201,6 +216,11 @@ type appleTLSConn struct {
 	writeTimedOut  bool
 }

+var (
+	_ N.ExtendedConn    = (*appleTLSConn)(nil)
+	_ N.ReadWaitCreator = (*appleTLSConn)(nil)
+)
+
 func (c *appleTLSConn) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
 	c.readAccess.Lock()
 	defer c.readAccess.Unlock()
@ -211,6 +231,29 @@ func (c *appleTLSConn) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
 		return 0, nil
 	}

+	return c.readIntoLocked(p)
+}
+
+func (c *appleTLSConn) ReadBuffer(buffer *buf.Buffer) error {
+	c.readAccess.Lock()
+	defer c.readAccess.Unlock()
+	if buffer.IsFull() {
+		return io.ErrShortBuffer
+	}
+	startLen := buffer.Len()
+	n, err := c.readIntoLocked(buffer.FreeBytes())
+	buffer.Truncate(startLen + n)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *appleTLSConn) readIntoLocked(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	if c.readEOF {
+		return 0, io.EOF
+	}
+	if len(p) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+
 	timeoutMs, err := c.prepareReadTimeout()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
@ -256,34 +299,55 @@ func (c *appleTLSConn) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
 		return 0, nil
 	}

-	timeoutMs, err := c.prepareWriteTimeout()
-	if err != nil {
-		return 0, err
-	}
-
 	client, err := c.acquireClient()
 	if err != nil {
 		return 0, err
 	}
 	defer c.releaseClient()

-	var errorPtr *C.char
-	n := C.box_apple_tls_client_write(client, unsafe.Pointer(&p[0]), C.size_t(len(p)), C.int(timeoutMs), &errorPtr)
-	switch {
-	case n == -2:
-		c.markWriteTimedOut()
-		return 0, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
-	case n >= 0:
-		return int(n), nil
+	deadline, err := c.prepareWriteDeadline()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
 	}
-	if errorPtr != nil {
-		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(errorPtr))
-		if c.isClosed() {
-			return 0, net.ErrClosed
+	var written int
+	for written < len(p) {
+		timeoutMs, expired := deadlineTimeoutMs(deadline)
+		if expired {
+			C.box_apple_tls_client_cancel(client)
+			c.markWriteTimedOut()
+			return written, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
 		}
-		return 0, E.New(C.GoString(errorPtr))
+		chunkSize := min(len(p)-written, appleTLSWriteChunkSize)
+		chunk := p[written : written+chunkSize]
+		var errorPtr *C.char
+		n := C.box_apple_tls_client_write(client, unsafe.Pointer(&chunk[0]), C.size_t(len(chunk)), C.int(timeoutMs), &errorPtr)
+		switch {
+		case n == -2:
+			c.markWriteTimedOut()
+			return written, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
+		case n >= 0:
+			written += int(n)
+			if int(n) != len(chunk) {
+				return written, io.ErrShortWrite
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		return written, c.errorFromPointer(errorPtr)
 	}
-	return 0, net.ErrClosed
+	return written, nil
+}
+
+func (c *appleTLSConn) WriteBuffer(buffer *buf.Buffer) error {
+	defer buffer.Release()
+	_, err := c.Write(buffer.Bytes())
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *appleTLSConn) CreateReadWaiter() (N.ReadWaiter, bool) {
+	return &appleTLSReadWaiter{
+		conn:    c,
+		results: make(chan *C.box_apple_tls_read_result_t, 1),
+	}, true
 }

 func (c *appleTLSConn) Close() error {
@ -358,18 +422,18 @@ func (c *appleTLSConn) prepareReadTimeout() (int, error) {
 	return timeoutMs, nil
 }

-func (c *appleTLSConn) prepareWriteTimeout() (int, error) {
+func (c *appleTLSConn) prepareWriteDeadline() (time.Time, error) {
 	c.deadlineAccess.Lock()
 	defer c.deadlineAccess.Unlock()
 	if c.writeTimedOut {
-		return 0, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
+		return time.Time{}, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
 	}
-	timeoutMs, expired := deadlineTimeoutMs(c.writeDeadline)
+	_, expired := deadlineTimeoutMs(c.writeDeadline)
 	if expired {
 		c.writeTimedOut = true
-		return 0, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
+		return time.Time{}, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
 	}
-	return timeoutMs, nil
+	return c.writeDeadline, nil
 }

 func (c *appleTLSConn) markReadTimedOut() {
@ -422,6 +486,138 @@ func (c *appleTLSConn) releaseClient() {
 	c.ioGroup.Done()
 }

+func (c *appleTLSConn) errorFromPointer(errorPtr *C.char) error {
+	if errorPtr != nil {
+		defer C.free(unsafe.Pointer(errorPtr))
+		if c.isClosed() {
+			return net.ErrClosed
+		}
+		return E.New(C.GoString(errorPtr))
+	}
+	return net.ErrClosed
+}
+
+type appleTLSReadWaiter struct {
+	conn    *appleTLSConn
+	options N.ReadWaitOptions
+	results chan *C.box_apple_tls_read_result_t
+}
+
+var _ N.ReadWaiter = (*appleTLSReadWaiter)(nil)
+
+func (w *appleTLSReadWaiter) InitializeReadWaiter(options N.ReadWaitOptions) (needCopy bool) {
+	w.options = options
+	if w.results == nil {
+		w.results = make(chan *C.box_apple_tls_read_result_t, 1)
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (w *appleTLSReadWaiter) WaitReadBuffer() (*buf.Buffer, error) {
+	c := w.conn
+	c.readAccess.Lock()
+	defer c.readAccess.Unlock()
+	if c.readEOF {
+		return nil, io.EOF
+	}
+	maximumLen := readWaitFreeLen(w.options)
+	if maximumLen <= 0 {
+		return nil, io.ErrShortBuffer
+	}
+	timeoutMs, err := c.prepareReadTimeout()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	client, err := c.acquireClient()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer c.releaseClient()
+
+	handle := cgo.NewHandle(w)
+	defer handle.Delete()
+	var errorPtr *C.char
+	if !bool(C.box_apple_tls_client_read_async(client, C.size_t(maximumLen), C.uintptr_t(handle), &errorPtr)) {
+		return nil, c.errorFromPointer(errorPtr)
+	}
+
+	var result *C.box_apple_tls_read_result_t
+	if timeoutMs >= 0 {
+		timer := time.NewTimer(time.Duration(timeoutMs) * time.Millisecond)
+		defer timer.Stop()
+		select {
+		case result = <-w.results:
+		case <-timer.C:
+			C.box_apple_tls_client_cancel(client)
+			result = <-w.results
+			if result != nil {
+				C.box_apple_tls_read_result_free(result)
+			}
+			c.markReadTimedOut()
+			return nil, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
+		}
+	} else {
+		result = <-w.results
+	}
+	return c.readWaitResultToBuffer(result, w.options)
+}
+
+func (c *appleTLSConn) readWaitResultToBuffer(result *C.box_apple_tls_read_result_t, options N.ReadWaitOptions) (*buf.Buffer, error) {
+	defer C.box_apple_tls_read_result_free(result)
+	buffer := options.NewBuffer()
+	if buffer.IsFull() {
+		buffer.Release()
+		return nil, io.ErrShortBuffer
+	}
+	startLen := buffer.Len()
+	var eof C.bool
+	var errorPtr *C.char
+	n := C.box_apple_tls_read_result_copy(result, unsafe.Pointer(&buffer.FreeBytes()[0]), C.size_t(buffer.FreeLen()), &eof, &errorPtr)
+	if n < 0 {
+		buffer.Release()
+		return nil, c.errorFromPointer(errorPtr)
+	}
+	if bool(eof) {
+		c.readEOF = true
+		if n == 0 {
+			buffer.Release()
+			return nil, io.EOF
+		}
+	}
+	if n == 0 {
+		buffer.Release()
+		return nil, io.ErrNoProgress
+	}
+	buffer.Truncate(startLen + int(n))
+	options.PostReturn(buffer)
+	return buffer, nil
+}
+
+func readWaitFreeLen(options N.ReadWaitOptions) int {
+	if options.IncreaseBuffer {
+		return 65535 - options.FrontHeadroom - options.RearHeadroom
+	}
+	if options.MTU > 0 {
+		return options.MTU
+	}
+	return buf.BufferSize - options.FrontHeadroom - options.RearHeadroom
+}
+
+//export box_apple_tls_read_callback
+func box_apple_tls_read_callback(callbackHandle C.uintptr_t, result *C.box_apple_tls_read_result_t) {
+	handle := cgo.Handle(callbackHandle)
+	waiter, ok := handle.Value().(*appleTLSReadWaiter)
+	if !ok {
+		C.box_apple_tls_read_result_free(result)
+		return
+	}
+	select {
+	case waiter.results <- result:
+	default:
+		C.box_apple_tls_read_result_free(result)
+	}
+}
+
 func (c *appleTLSConn) NetConn() net.Conn {
 	return c.rawConn
 }
--- a/common/tls/apple_client_platform_benchmark_test.go
+++ b/common/tls/apple_client_platform_benchmark_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+//go:build darwin && cgo
+
+package tls
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	stdtls "crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/buf"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/json/badoption"
+	N "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/network"
+)
+
+const (
+	appleTLSBenchmarkReadPayloadSize  = 16 * 1024
+	appleTLSBenchmarkWritePayloadSize = 48 * 1024
+)
+
+func BenchmarkAppleClientReadBuffer(b *testing.B) {
+	payload := bytes.Repeat([]byte{'r'}, appleTLSBenchmarkReadPayloadSize)
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	clientConn, serverResult := newAppleBenchmarkClientConn(b, func(conn *stdtls.Conn) error {
+		<-start
+		for range b.N {
+			if err := writeBenchmarkPayload(conn, payload); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	defer clientConn.Close()
+
+	extendedConn := clientConn.(N.ExtendedConn)
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(payload)))
+	b.ReportMetric(float64(len(payload)), "payload_B")
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	close(start)
+	target := b.N * len(payload)
+	var received int
+	for received < target {
+		buffer := buf.NewSize(len(payload))
+		err := extendedConn.ReadBuffer(buffer)
+		if err != nil {
+			buffer.Release()
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		received += buffer.Len()
+		buffer.Release()
+	}
+	b.StopTimer()
+	if err := <-serverResult; err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAppleClientReadWaiter(b *testing.B) {
+	payload := bytes.Repeat([]byte{'w'}, appleTLSBenchmarkReadPayloadSize)
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	clientConn, serverResult := newAppleBenchmarkClientConn(b, func(conn *stdtls.Conn) error {
+		<-start
+		for range b.N {
+			if err := writeBenchmarkPayload(conn, payload); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	defer clientConn.Close()
+
+	readWaiter, ok := clientConn.(N.ReadWaitCreator).CreateReadWaiter()
+	if !ok {
+		b.Fatal("expected read waiter")
+	}
+	readWaiter.InitializeReadWaiter(N.ReadWaitOptions{
+		MTU: appleTLSBenchmarkReadPayloadSize,
+	})
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(payload)))
+	b.ReportMetric(float64(len(payload)), "payload_B")
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	close(start)
+	target := b.N * len(payload)
+	var received int
+	for received < target {
+		buffer, err := readWaiter.WaitReadBuffer()
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, io.ErrNoProgress) {
+				continue
+			}
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		received += buffer.Len()
+		buffer.Release()
+	}
+	b.StopTimer()
+	if err := <-serverResult; err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkAppleClientWriteBuffer(b *testing.B) {
+	payload := bytes.Repeat([]byte{'x'}, appleTLSBenchmarkWritePayloadSize)
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	clientConn, serverResult := newAppleBenchmarkClientConn(b, func(conn *stdtls.Conn) error {
+		<-start
+		_, err := io.CopyN(io.Discard, conn, int64(b.N*len(payload)))
+		return err
+	})
+	defer clientConn.Close()
+
+	extendedConn := clientConn.(N.ExtendedConn)
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(payload)))
+	b.ReportMetric(float64(len(payload)), "payload_B")
+	b.ReportMetric(float64(appleTLSWriteChunkSize), "write_chunk_B")
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	close(start)
+	for range b.N {
+		buffer := buf.NewSize(len(payload))
+		_, err := buffer.Write(payload)
+		if err != nil {
+			buffer.Release()
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		err = extendedConn.WriteBuffer(buffer)
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	b.StopTimer()
+	if err := <-serverResult; err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkStdlibClientReadBuffer(b *testing.B) {
+	payload := bytes.Repeat([]byte{'r'}, appleTLSBenchmarkReadPayloadSize)
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	clientConn, serverResult := newStdlibBenchmarkClientConn(b, func(conn *stdtls.Conn) error {
+		<-start
+		for range b.N {
+			if err := writeBenchmarkPayload(conn, payload); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+	defer clientConn.Close()
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(payload)))
+	b.ReportMetric(float64(len(payload)), "payload_B")
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	close(start)
+	target := b.N * len(payload)
+	var received int
+	for received < target {
+		buffer := buf.NewSize(len(payload))
+		n, err := clientConn.Read(buffer.FreeBytes())
+		if n > 0 {
+			buffer.Truncate(buffer.Len() + n)
+		}
+		received += buffer.Len()
+		buffer.Release()
+		if err != nil && received < target {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	b.StopTimer()
+	if err := <-serverResult; err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkStdlibClientWriteBuffer(b *testing.B) {
+	payload := bytes.Repeat([]byte{'x'}, appleTLSBenchmarkWritePayloadSize)
+	start := make(chan struct{})
+	clientConn, serverResult := newStdlibBenchmarkClientConn(b, func(conn *stdtls.Conn) error {
+		<-start
+		_, err := io.CopyN(io.Discard, conn, int64(b.N*len(payload)))
+		return err
+	})
+	defer clientConn.Close()
+
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.SetBytes(int64(len(payload)))
+	b.ReportMetric(float64(len(payload)), "payload_B")
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	close(start)
+	for range b.N {
+		buffer := buf.NewSize(len(payload))
+		_, err := buffer.Write(payload)
+		if err != nil {
+			buffer.Release()
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		_, err = clientConn.Write(buffer.Bytes())
+		buffer.Release()
+		if err != nil {
+			b.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	b.StopTimer()
+	if err := <-serverResult; err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func newAppleBenchmarkClientConn(b *testing.B, handler func(*stdtls.Conn) error) (Conn, <-chan error) {
+	b.Helper()
+
+	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleTestCertificate(b, "localhost")
+	serverResult, serverAddress := startAppleTLSIOTestServer(b, &stdtls.Config{
+		Certificates: []stdtls.Certificate{serverCertificate},
+		MinVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+		MaxVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+	}, handler)
+
+	clientConn, err := newAppleTestClientConn(b, serverAddress, option.OutboundTLSOptions{
+		Enabled:     true,
+		Engine:      "apple",
+		ServerName:  "localhost",
+		MinVersion:  "1.2",
+		MaxVersion:  "1.2",
+		Certificate: badoption.Listable[string]{serverCertificatePEM},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return clientConn, serverResult
+}
+
+func newStdlibBenchmarkClientConn(b *testing.B, handler func(*stdtls.Conn) error) (*stdtls.Conn, <-chan error) {
+	b.Helper()
+
+	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleTestCertificate(b, "localhost")
+	serverResult, serverAddress := startAppleTLSIOTestServer(b, &stdtls.Config{
+		Certificates: []stdtls.Certificate{serverCertificate},
+		MinVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+		MaxVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+	}, handler)
+
+	roots := x509.NewCertPool()
+	if !roots.AppendCertsFromPEM([]byte(serverCertificatePEM)) {
+		b.Fatal("parse benchmark certificate")
+	}
+	dialer := &net.Dialer{
+		Timeout: appleTLSTestTimeout,
+	}
+	clientConn, err := stdtls.DialWithDialer(dialer, "tcp", serverAddress, &stdtls.Config{
+		ServerName: "localhost",
+		RootCAs:    roots,
+		MinVersion: stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+		MaxVersion: stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		b.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	return clientConn, serverResult
+}
+
+func writeBenchmarkPayload(writer io.Writer, payload []byte) error {
+	for len(payload) > 0 {
+		n, err := writer.Write(payload)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		payload = payload[n:]
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/common/tls/apple_client_platform_darwin.h
+++ b/common/tls/apple_client_platform_darwin.h
@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include <unistd.h>

 typedef struct box_apple_tls_client box_apple_tls_client_t;
+typedef struct box_apple_tls_read_result box_apple_tls_read_result_t;

 typedef struct box_apple_tls_state {
 	uint16_t version;
@ -22,8 +23,7 @@ box_apple_tls_client_t *box_apple_tls_client_create(
 	uint16_t min_version,
 	uint16_t max_version,
 	bool insecure,
-	const char *anchor_pem,
-	size_t anchor_pem_len,
+	void *anchors_cf,
 	bool anchor_only,
 	bool has_verify_time,
 	int64_t verify_time_unix_millis,
@ -35,5 +35,9 @@ void box_apple_tls_client_cancel(box_apple_tls_client_t *client);
 void box_apple_tls_client_free(box_apple_tls_client_t *client);
 ssize_t box_apple_tls_client_read(box_apple_tls_client_t *client, void *buffer, size_t buffer_len, int timeout_msec, bool *eof_out, char **error_out);
 ssize_t box_apple_tls_client_write(box_apple_tls_client_t *client, const void *buffer, size_t buffer_len, int timeout_msec, char **error_out);
+bool box_apple_tls_client_read_async(box_apple_tls_client_t *client, size_t maximum_len, uintptr_t callback_handle, char **error_out);
+ssize_t box_apple_tls_read_result_copy(box_apple_tls_read_result_t *result, void *buffer, size_t buffer_len, bool *eof_out, char **error_out);
+void box_apple_tls_read_result_free(box_apple_tls_read_result_t *result);
 bool box_apple_tls_client_copy_state(box_apple_tls_client_t *client, box_apple_tls_state_t *state, char **error_out);
 void box_apple_tls_state_free(box_apple_tls_state_t *state);
+ssize_t box_apple_tls_copy_dispatch_data_for_test(const void *first, size_t first_len, const void *second, size_t second_len, void *buffer, size_t buffer_len, char **error_out);
--- a/common/tls/apple_client_platform_darwin.m
+++ b/common/tls/apple_client_platform_darwin.m
@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ typedef struct box_apple_tls_client {
 	void *connection;
 	void *queue;
 	void *ready_semaphore;
+	void *anchors;
 	atomic_int ref_count;
 	atomic_bool ready;
 	atomic_bool ready_done;
@ -28,6 +29,14 @@ typedef struct box_apple_tls_client {
 	box_apple_tls_state_t state;
 } box_apple_tls_client_t;

+struct box_apple_tls_read_result {
+	void *content;
+	bool eof;
+	char *error;
+};
+
+extern void box_apple_tls_read_callback(uintptr_t callback_handle, box_apple_tls_read_result_t *result);
+
 static nw_connection_t box_apple_tls_connection(box_apple_tls_client_t *client) {
 	if (client == NULL || client->connection == NULL) {
 		return nil;
@ -49,6 +58,20 @@ static dispatch_semaphore_t box_apple_tls_ready_semaphore(box_apple_tls_client_t
 	return (__bridge dispatch_semaphore_t)client->ready_semaphore;
 }

+static NSArray *box_apple_tls_client_anchors(box_apple_tls_client_t *client) {
+	if (client == NULL || client->anchors == NULL) {
+		return nil;
+	}
+	return (__bridge NSArray *)client->anchors;
+}
+
+static dispatch_data_t box_apple_tls_read_result_content(box_apple_tls_read_result_t *result) {
+	if (result == NULL || result->content == NULL) {
+		return nil;
+	}
+	return (__bridge dispatch_data_t)result->content;
+}
+
 static void box_apple_tls_state_reset(box_apple_tls_state_t *state) {
 	if (state == NULL) {
 		return;
@ -62,6 +85,9 @@ static void box_apple_tls_state_reset(box_apple_tls_state_t *state) {
 static void box_apple_tls_client_destroy(box_apple_tls_client_t *client) {
 	free(client->ready_error);
 	box_apple_tls_state_reset(&client->state);
+	if (client->anchors != NULL) {
+		CFRelease((CFTypeRef)client->anchors);
+	}
 	if (client->ready_semaphore != NULL) {
 		CFBridgingRelease(client->ready_semaphore);
 	}
@ -113,6 +139,51 @@ static void box_set_error_from_nw_error(char **error_out, nw_error_t error) {
 	CFRelease(cfError);
 }

+static ssize_t box_apple_tls_dispatch_data_copy(dispatch_data_t content, void *buffer, size_t buffer_len, char **error_out) {
+	if (content == nil) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	size_t content_size = dispatch_data_get_size(content);
+	if (content_size == 0) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	if (buffer == NULL) {
+		box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: read buffer unavailable");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	__block size_t copied = 0;
+	__block bool overflow = false;
+	bool complete = dispatch_data_apply(content, ^bool(dispatch_data_t region, size_t offset, const void *region_buffer, size_t region_size) {
+		(void)region;
+		(void)offset;
+		if (region_size == 0) {
+			return true;
+		}
+		if (region_buffer == NULL || region_size > buffer_len - copied) {
+			overflow = true;
+			return false;
+		}
+		memcpy((uint8_t *)buffer + copied, region_buffer, region_size);
+		copied += region_size;
+		return true;
+	});
+	if (!complete || overflow) {
+		box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: read buffer too small");
+		return -1;
+	}
+	return (ssize_t)copied;
+}
+
+ssize_t box_apple_tls_copy_dispatch_data_for_test(const void *first, size_t first_len, const void *second, size_t second_len, void *buffer, size_t buffer_len, char **error_out) {
+	@autoreleasepool {
+		dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(QOS_CLASS_DEFAULT, 0);
+		dispatch_data_t first_data = first_len > 0 ? dispatch_data_create(first, first_len, queue, DISPATCH_DATA_DESTRUCTOR_DEFAULT) : dispatch_data_empty;
+		dispatch_data_t second_data = second_len > 0 ? dispatch_data_create(second, second_len, queue, DISPATCH_DATA_DESTRUCTOR_DEFAULT) : dispatch_data_empty;
+		dispatch_data_t content = dispatch_data_create_concat(first_data, second_data);
+		return box_apple_tls_dispatch_data_copy(content, buffer, buffer_len, error_out);
+	}
+}
+
 static char *box_apple_tls_metadata_copy_negotiated_protocol(sec_protocol_metadata_t metadata) {
 	static box_sec_protocol_metadata_string_accessor_f copy_fn;
 	static box_sec_protocol_metadata_string_accessor_f get_fn;
@ -170,44 +241,6 @@ static NSArray<NSString *> *box_split_lines(const char *content, size_t content_
 	return lines;
 }

-static NSArray *box_parse_certificates_from_pem(const char *pem, size_t pem_len) {
-	if (pem == NULL || pem_len == 0) {
-		return @[];
-	}
-	NSString *content = [[NSString alloc] initWithBytes:pem length:pem_len encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];
-	if (content == nil) {
-		return @[];
-	}
-	NSString *beginMarker = @"-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----";
-	NSString *endMarker = @"-----END CERTIFICATE-----";
-	NSMutableArray *certificates = [NSMutableArray array];
-	NSUInteger searchFrom = 0;
-	while (searchFrom < content.length) {
-		NSRange beginRange = [content rangeOfString:beginMarker options:0 range:NSMakeRange(searchFrom, content.length - searchFrom)];
-		if (beginRange.location == NSNotFound) {
-			break;
-		}
-		NSUInteger bodyStart = beginRange.location + beginRange.length;
-		NSRange endRange = [content rangeOfString:endMarker options:0 range:NSMakeRange(bodyStart, content.length - bodyStart)];
-		if (endRange.location == NSNotFound) {
-			break;
-		}
-		NSString *base64Section = [content substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(bodyStart, endRange.location - bodyStart)];
-		NSArray<NSString *> *components = [base64Section componentsSeparatedByCharactersInSet:[NSCharacterSet whitespaceAndNewlineCharacterSet]];
-		NSString *base64Content = [components componentsJoinedByString:@""];
-		NSData *der = [[NSData alloc] initWithBase64EncodedString:base64Content options:0];
-		if (der != nil) {
-			SecCertificateRef certificate = SecCertificateCreateWithData(NULL, (__bridge CFDataRef)der);
-			if (certificate != NULL) {
-				[certificates addObject:(__bridge id)certificate];
-				CFRelease(certificate);
-			}
-		}
-		searchFrom = endRange.location + endRange.length;
-	}
-	return certificates;
-}
-
 static bool box_evaluate_trust(sec_trust_t trust, NSArray *anchors, bool anchor_only, NSDate *verify_date) {
 	bool result = false;
 	SecTrustRef trustRef = sec_trust_copy_ref(trust);
@ -328,8 +361,7 @@ box_apple_tls_client_t *box_apple_tls_client_create(
 	uint16_t min_version,
 	uint16_t max_version,
 	bool insecure,
-	const char *anchor_pem,
-	size_t anchor_pem_len,
+	void *anchors_cf,
 	bool anchor_only,
 	bool has_verify_time,
 	int64_t verify_time_unix_millis,
@ -346,9 +378,11 @@ box_apple_tls_client_t *box_apple_tls_client_create(
 	atomic_init(&client->ref_count, 1);
 	atomic_init(&client->ready, false);
 	atomic_init(&client->ready_done, false);
+	if (anchors_cf != NULL) {
+		client->anchors = (void *)CFRetain(anchors_cf);
+	}

 	NSArray<NSString *> *alpnList = box_split_lines(alpn, alpn_len);
-	NSArray *anchors = box_parse_certificates_from_pem(anchor_pem, anchor_pem_len);
 	NSDate *verifyDate = nil;
 	if (has_verify_time) {
 		verifyDate = [NSDate dateWithTimeIntervalSince1970:(NSTimeInterval)verify_time_unix_millis / 1000.0];
@ -372,13 +406,16 @@ box_apple_tls_client_t *box_apple_tls_client_create(
 			if (client->state.version == 0) {
 				box_apple_tls_state_load(metadata, &client->state);
 			}
-			complete(insecure || box_evaluate_trust(trust, anchors, anchor_only, verifyDate));
+			complete(insecure || box_evaluate_trust(trust, box_apple_tls_client_anchors(client), anchor_only, verifyDate));
 		}, box_apple_tls_client_queue(client));
 	}, NW_PARAMETERS_DEFAULT_CONFIGURATION);

 	nw_connection_t connection = box_apple_tls_create_connection(connected_socket, parameters);
 	if (connection == NULL) {
 		close(connected_socket);
+		if (client->anchors != NULL) {
+			CFRelease((CFTypeRef)client->anchors);
+		}
 		if (client->ready_semaphore != NULL) {
 			CFBridgingRelease(client->ready_semaphore);
 		}
@ -485,128 +522,202 @@ void box_apple_tls_client_free(box_apple_tls_client_t *client) {
 }

 ssize_t box_apple_tls_client_read(box_apple_tls_client_t *client, void *buffer, size_t buffer_len, int timeout_msec, bool *eof_out, char **error_out) {
-	nw_connection_t connection = box_apple_tls_connection(client);
-	if (connection == nil) {
-		box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: invalid client");
-		return -1;
-	}
+	@autoreleasepool {
+		nw_connection_t connection = box_apple_tls_connection(client);
+		if (connection == nil) {
+			box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: invalid client");
+			return -1;
+		}

-	dispatch_semaphore_t read_semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(0);
-	__block NSData *content_data = nil;
-	__block bool read_eof = false;
-	__block char *local_error = NULL;
+		dispatch_semaphore_t read_semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(0);
+		__block size_t content_len = 0;
+		__block bool read_eof = false;
+		__block char *local_error = NULL;

-	nw_connection_receive(connection, 1, (uint32_t)buffer_len, ^(dispatch_data_t content, nw_content_context_t context, bool is_complete, nw_error_t error) {
-		if (content != NULL) {
-			const void *mapped = NULL;
-			size_t mapped_len = 0;
-			dispatch_data_t mapped_data = dispatch_data_create_map(content, &mapped, &mapped_len);
-			if (mapped != NULL && mapped_len > 0) {
-				content_data = [NSData dataWithBytes:mapped length:mapped_len];
+		nw_connection_receive(connection, 1, (uint32_t)buffer_len, ^(dispatch_data_t content, nw_content_context_t context, bool is_complete, nw_error_t error) {
+			@autoreleasepool {
+				if (content != NULL) {
+					ssize_t copied = box_apple_tls_dispatch_data_copy(content, buffer, buffer_len, &local_error);
+					if (copied >= 0) {
+						content_len = (size_t)copied;
+					}
+				}
+				if (error != NULL && content_len == 0 && local_error == NULL) {
+					box_set_error_from_nw_error(&local_error, error);
+				}
+				if (is_complete && (context == NULL || nw_content_context_get_is_final(context))) {
+					read_eof = true;
+				}
+				dispatch_semaphore_signal(read_semaphore);
 			}
-			(void)mapped_data;
-		}
-		if (error != NULL && content_data.length == 0) {
-			box_set_error_from_nw_error(&local_error, error);
-		}
-		if (is_complete && (context == NULL || nw_content_context_get_is_final(context))) {
-			read_eof = true;
-		}
-		dispatch_semaphore_signal(read_semaphore);
-	});
+		});

-	dispatch_time_t wait_deadline = DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER;
-	if (timeout_msec >= 0) {
-		wait_deadline = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)timeout_msec * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
-	}
-	long wait_result = dispatch_semaphore_wait(read_semaphore, wait_deadline);
-	if (wait_result != 0) {
-		nw_connection_cancel(connection);
-		dispatch_semaphore_wait(read_semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
+		dispatch_time_t wait_deadline = DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER;
+		if (timeout_msec >= 0) {
+			wait_deadline = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)timeout_msec * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
+		}
+		long wait_result = dispatch_semaphore_wait(read_semaphore, wait_deadline);
+		if (wait_result != 0) {
+			nw_connection_cancel(connection);
+			dispatch_semaphore_wait(read_semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
+			if (local_error != NULL) {
+				free(local_error);
+				local_error = NULL;
+			}
+			return -2;
+		}
 		if (local_error != NULL) {
-			free(local_error);
-			local_error = NULL;
+			if (error_out != NULL) {
+				*error_out = local_error;
+			} else {
+				free(local_error);
+			}
+			return -1;
 		}
-		return -2;
-	}
-	if (local_error != NULL) {
-		if (error_out != NULL) {
-			*error_out = local_error;
-		} else {
-			free(local_error);
+		if (eof_out != NULL) {
+			*eof_out = read_eof;
 		}
-		return -1;
+		return (ssize_t)content_len;
 	}
-	if (eof_out != NULL) {
-		*eof_out = read_eof;
-	}
-	if (content_data == nil || content_data.length == 0) {
-		return 0;
-	}
-	memcpy(buffer, content_data.bytes, content_data.length);
-	return (ssize_t)content_data.length;
 }

 ssize_t box_apple_tls_client_write(box_apple_tls_client_t *client, const void *buffer, size_t buffer_len, int timeout_msec, char **error_out) {
-	nw_connection_t connection = box_apple_tls_connection(client);
-	if (connection == nil) {
-		box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: invalid client");
-		return -1;
-	}
-	if (buffer_len == 0) {
-		return 0;
-	}
-
-	void *content_copy = malloc(buffer_len);
-	dispatch_queue_t queue = box_apple_tls_client_queue(client);
-	if (content_copy == NULL) {
-		free(content_copy);
-		box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: out of memory");
-		return -1;
-	}
-	if (queue == nil) {
-		free(content_copy);
-		box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: invalid client");
-		return -1;
-	}
-	memcpy(content_copy, buffer, buffer_len);
-	dispatch_data_t content = dispatch_data_create(content_copy, buffer_len, queue, ^{
-		free(content_copy);
-	});
-
-	dispatch_semaphore_t write_semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(0);
-	__block char *local_error = NULL;
-
-	nw_connection_send(connection, content, NW_CONNECTION_DEFAULT_STREAM_CONTEXT, false, ^(nw_error_t error) {
-		if (error != NULL) {
-			box_set_error_from_nw_error(&local_error, error);
+	@autoreleasepool {
+		nw_connection_t connection = box_apple_tls_connection(client);
+		if (connection == nil) {
+			box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: invalid client");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		if (buffer_len == 0) {
+			return 0;
 		}
-		dispatch_semaphore_signal(write_semaphore);
-	});

-	dispatch_time_t wait_deadline = DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER;
-	if (timeout_msec >= 0) {
-		wait_deadline = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)timeout_msec * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
-	}
-	long wait_result = dispatch_semaphore_wait(write_semaphore, wait_deadline);
-	if (wait_result != 0) {
-		nw_connection_cancel(connection);
-		dispatch_semaphore_wait(write_semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
+		void *content_copy = malloc(buffer_len);
+		if (content_copy == NULL) {
+			box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: out of memory");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		dispatch_queue_t queue = box_apple_tls_client_queue(client);
+		if (queue == nil) {
+			free(content_copy);
+			box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: invalid client");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		memcpy(content_copy, buffer, buffer_len);
+		dispatch_data_t content = dispatch_data_create(content_copy, buffer_len, queue, ^{
+			free(content_copy);
+		});
+
+		dispatch_semaphore_t write_semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(0);
+		__block char *local_error = NULL;
+
+		nw_connection_send(connection, content, NW_CONNECTION_DEFAULT_STREAM_CONTEXT, false, ^(nw_error_t error) {
+			@autoreleasepool {
+				if (error != NULL) {
+					box_set_error_from_nw_error(&local_error, error);
+				}
+				dispatch_semaphore_signal(write_semaphore);
+			}
+		});
+
+		dispatch_time_t wait_deadline = DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER;
+		if (timeout_msec >= 0) {
+			wait_deadline = dispatch_time(DISPATCH_TIME_NOW, (int64_t)timeout_msec * NSEC_PER_MSEC);
+		}
+		long wait_result = dispatch_semaphore_wait(write_semaphore, wait_deadline);
+		if (wait_result != 0) {
+			nw_connection_cancel(connection);
+			dispatch_semaphore_wait(write_semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
+			if (local_error != NULL) {
+				free(local_error);
+				local_error = NULL;
+			}
+			return -2;
+		}
 		if (local_error != NULL) {
-			free(local_error);
-			local_error = NULL;
+			if (error_out != NULL) {
+				*error_out = local_error;
+			} else {
+				free(local_error);
+			}
+			return -1;
 		}
-		return -2;
+		return (ssize_t)buffer_len;
 	}
-	if (local_error != NULL) {
-		if (error_out != NULL) {
-			*error_out = local_error;
-		} else {
-			free(local_error);
+}
+
+bool box_apple_tls_client_read_async(box_apple_tls_client_t *client, size_t maximum_len, uintptr_t callback_handle, char **error_out) {
+	@autoreleasepool {
+		nw_connection_t connection = box_apple_tls_connection(client);
+		if (connection == nil) {
+			box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: invalid client");
+			return false;
 		}
-		return -1;
+		if (maximum_len == 0) {
+			box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: empty read buffer");
+			return false;
+		}
+		uint32_t receive_len = maximum_len > UINT32_MAX ? UINT32_MAX : (uint32_t)maximum_len;
+		nw_connection_receive(connection, 1, receive_len, ^(dispatch_data_t content, nw_content_context_t context, bool is_complete, nw_error_t error) {
+			@autoreleasepool {
+				box_apple_tls_read_result_t *result = calloc(1, sizeof(box_apple_tls_read_result_t));
+				if (result == NULL) {
+					box_apple_tls_read_callback(callback_handle, NULL);
+					return;
+				}
+				size_t content_size = content != NULL ? dispatch_data_get_size(content) : 0;
+				if (content_size > 0) {
+					result->content = (__bridge_retained void *)content;
+				}
+				if (error != NULL && content_size == 0) {
+					box_set_error_from_nw_error(&result->error, error);
+				}
+				if (is_complete && (context == NULL || nw_content_context_get_is_final(context))) {
+					result->eof = true;
+				}
+				box_apple_tls_read_callback(callback_handle, result);
+			}
+		});
+		return true;
 	}
-	return (ssize_t)buffer_len;
+}
+
+ssize_t box_apple_tls_read_result_copy(box_apple_tls_read_result_t *result, void *buffer, size_t buffer_len, bool *eof_out, char **error_out) {
+	@autoreleasepool {
+		if (result == NULL) {
+			box_set_error_message(error_out, "apple TLS: read result unavailable");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		if (result->error != NULL) {
+			if (error_out != NULL) {
+				*error_out = result->error;
+				result->error = NULL;
+			} else {
+				free(result->error);
+				result->error = NULL;
+			}
+			return -1;
+		}
+		if (eof_out != NULL) {
+			*eof_out = result->eof;
+		}
+		dispatch_data_t content = box_apple_tls_read_result_content(result);
+		if (content == nil) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		return box_apple_tls_dispatch_data_copy(content, buffer, buffer_len, error_out);
+	}
+}
+
+void box_apple_tls_read_result_free(box_apple_tls_read_result_t *result) {
+	if (result == NULL) {
+		return;
+	}
+	free(result->error);
+	if (result->content != NULL) {
+		CFBridgingRelease(result->content);
+	}
+	free(result);
 }

 bool box_apple_tls_client_copy_state(box_apple_tls_client_t *client, box_apple_tls_state_t *state, char **error_out) {
--- a/common/tls/apple_client_platform_dispatch_test.go
+++ b/common/tls/apple_client_platform_dispatch_test.go
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+//go:build darwin && cgo
+
+package tls
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestAppleTLSDispatchDataCopySegments(t *testing.T) {
+	first := []byte("hello ")
+	second := []byte("world")
+
+	buffer := make([]byte, len(first)+len(second))
+	n, errorMessage := appleTLSCopyDispatchDataForTest(first, second, buffer)
+	if n < 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("copy failed: %s", errorMessage)
+	}
+	if int(n) != len(buffer) {
+		t.Fatalf("copied %d bytes, want %d", n, len(buffer))
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(buffer, []byte("hello world")) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected copy result: %q", string(buffer))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppleTLSDispatchDataCopyRejectsSmallBuffer(t *testing.T) {
+	first := []byte("hello")
+	second := []byte("world")
+
+	buffer := make([]byte, len(first)+len(second)-1)
+	n, errorMessage := appleTLSCopyDispatchDataForTest(first, second, buffer)
+	if n != -1 {
+		t.Fatalf("copied %d bytes, want error", n)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(errorMessage, "read buffer too small") {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %q", errorMessage)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppleTLSDispatchDataCopyEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	n, errorMessage := appleTLSCopyDispatchDataForTest(nil, nil, nil)
+	if n != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("copied %d bytes, want 0", n)
+	}
+	if errorMessage != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected error: %q", errorMessage)
+	}
+}
--- a/common/tls/apple_client_platform_dispatch_testhelper_darwin.go
+++ b/common/tls/apple_client_platform_dispatch_testhelper_darwin.go
@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+//go:build darwin && cgo
+
+package tls
+
+/*
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include "apple_client_platform_darwin.h"
+*/
+import "C"
+
+import "unsafe"
+
+func appleTLSCopyDispatchDataForTest(first, second []byte, buffer []byte) (int, string) {
+	var firstPtr unsafe.Pointer
+	if len(first) > 0 {
+		firstPtr = C.CBytes(first)
+		defer C.free(firstPtr)
+	}
+	var secondPtr unsafe.Pointer
+	if len(second) > 0 {
+		secondPtr = C.CBytes(second)
+		defer C.free(secondPtr)
+	}
+	var bufferPtr unsafe.Pointer
+	if len(buffer) > 0 {
+		bufferPtr = unsafe.Pointer(&buffer[0])
+	}
+	var errPtr *C.char
+	n := C.box_apple_tls_copy_dispatch_data_for_test(
+		firstPtr,
+		C.size_t(len(first)),
+		secondPtr,
+		C.size_t(len(second)),
+		bufferPtr,
+		C.size_t(len(buffer)),
+		&errPtr,
+	)
+	if errPtr == nil {
+		return int(n), ""
+	}
+	errorMessage := C.GoString(errPtr)
+	C.free(unsafe.Pointer(errPtr))
+	return int(n), errorMessage
+}
--- a/common/tls/apple_client_platform_test.go
+++ b/common/tls/apple_client_platform_test.go
@ -3,17 +3,21 @@
 package tls

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	stdtls "crypto/tls"
 	"errors"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/buf"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/json/badoption"
 	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
+	N "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/network"
 )

 const appleTLSTestTimeout = 5 * time.Second
@ -28,6 +32,11 @@ type appleTLSServerResult struct {
 	err   error
 }

+var (
+	_ N.ExtendedConn    = (*appleTLSConn)(nil)
+	_ N.ReadWaitCreator = (*appleTLSConn)(nil)
+)
+
 func TestAppleClientHandshakeAppliesALPNAndVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
 	for index := 0; index < appleTLSSuccessHandshakeLoops; index++ {
@ -75,6 +84,29 @@ func TestAppleClientHandshakeAppliesALPNAndVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestAppleClientHandshakeRejectsOpaqueConn(t *testing.T) {
+	clientConfig, err := NewClientWithOptions(ClientOptions{
+		Context: context.Background(),
+		Logger:  logger.NOP(),
+		Options: option.OutboundTLSOptions{
+			Enabled:    true,
+			Engine:     "apple",
+			ServerName: "localhost",
+			Insecure:   true,
+		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	clientConn, serverConn := net.Pipe()
+	defer clientConn.Close()
+	defer serverConn.Close()
+	_, err = ClientHandshake(context.Background(), clientConn, clientConfig)
+	if err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected handshake to reject non-TCP connection")
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAppleClientHandshakeRejectsVersionMismatch(t *testing.T) {
 	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
 	serverResult, serverAddress := startAppleTLSTestServer(t, &stdtls.Config{
@ -209,6 +241,237 @@ func TestAppleClientHandshakeRecoversAfterFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestAppleClientConfigCloneWithInlineCertificate(t *testing.T) {
+	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
+	clientConfig, err := NewClientWithOptions(ClientOptions{
+		Context: context.Background(),
+		Logger:  logger.NOP(),
+		Options: option.OutboundTLSOptions{
+			Enabled:     true,
+			Engine:      "apple",
+			ServerName:  "localhost",
+			MinVersion:  "1.2",
+			MaxVersion:  "1.2",
+			ALPN:        badoption.Listable[string]{"h2", "http/1.1"},
+			Certificate: badoption.Listable[string]{serverCertificatePEM},
+		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	clone := clientConfig.Clone()
+	clone.SetServerName("other")
+	clone.SetNextProtos([]string{"http/1.1"})
+	if clientConfig.ServerName() == "other" {
+		t.Fatal("Clone shares server name with original")
+	}
+	nextProtos := clientConfig.NextProtos()
+	if len(nextProtos) != 2 || nextProtos[0] != "h2" || nextProtos[1] != "http/1.1" {
+		t.Fatalf("Clone shares ALPN slice with original: %v", nextProtos)
+	}
+
+	for index := 0; index < appleTLSFailureRecoveryLoops; index++ {
+		serverResult, serverAddress := startAppleTLSTestServer(t, &stdtls.Config{
+			Certificates: []stdtls.Certificate{serverCertificate},
+			MinVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+			MaxVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+			NextProtos:   []string{"h2"},
+		})
+
+		handshakeConfig := clientConfig.Clone()
+		handshakeConfig.SetNextProtos([]string{"h2"})
+		clientConn, err := dialAppleTestClientConn(t, serverAddress, handshakeConfig)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("iteration %d: %v", index, err)
+		}
+
+		clientState := clientConn.ConnectionState()
+		if clientState.NegotiatedProtocol != "h2" {
+			_ = clientConn.Close()
+			t.Fatalf("iteration %d: unexpected negotiated protocol: %q", index, clientState.NegotiatedProtocol)
+		}
+		_ = clientConn.Close()
+
+		result := <-serverResult
+		if result.err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("iteration %d: %v", index, result.err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppleClientReadBuffer(t *testing.T) {
+	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
+	payload := []byte("apple tls read buffer payload")
+	serverResult, serverAddress := startAppleTLSIOTestServer(t, &stdtls.Config{
+		Certificates: []stdtls.Certificate{serverCertificate},
+		MinVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+		MaxVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+	}, func(conn *stdtls.Conn) error {
+		_, err := conn.Write(payload)
+		return err
+	})
+
+	clientConn, err := newAppleTestClientConn(t, serverAddress, option.OutboundTLSOptions{
+		Enabled:     true,
+		Engine:      "apple",
+		ServerName:  "localhost",
+		MinVersion:  "1.2",
+		MaxVersion:  "1.2",
+		Certificate: badoption.Listable[string]{serverCertificatePEM},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer clientConn.Close()
+
+	extendedConn := clientConn.(N.ExtendedConn)
+	const (
+		frontHeadroom = 17
+		rearHeadroom  = 19
+	)
+	buffer := buf.NewSize(frontHeadroom + len(payload) + rearHeadroom)
+	defer buffer.Release()
+	buffer.Resize(frontHeadroom, 0)
+	buffer.Reserve(rearHeadroom)
+	err = extendedConn.ReadBuffer(buffer)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(buffer.Bytes(), payload) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected payload: %q", buffer.Bytes())
+	}
+	if buffer.Start() != frontHeadroom {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected front headroom: %d", buffer.Start())
+	}
+	if buffer.FreeLen() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected reserved free length before PostReturn: %d", buffer.FreeLen())
+	}
+	buffer.OverCap(rearHeadroom)
+	if buffer.FreeLen() != rearHeadroom {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected rear headroom after PostReturn: %d", buffer.FreeLen())
+	}
+
+	if err = <-serverResult; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppleClientWriteBuffer(t *testing.T) {
+	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
+	payload := bytes.Repeat([]byte("apple-write-buffer-"), 3000)
+	serverResult, serverAddress := startAppleTLSIOTestServer(t, &stdtls.Config{
+		Certificates: []stdtls.Certificate{serverCertificate},
+		MinVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+		MaxVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+	}, func(conn *stdtls.Conn) error {
+		received := make([]byte, len(payload))
+		_, err := io.ReadFull(conn, received)
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		if !bytes.Equal(received, payload) {
+			return errors.New("payload mismatch")
+		}
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	clientConn, err := newAppleTestClientConn(t, serverAddress, option.OutboundTLSOptions{
+		Enabled:     true,
+		Engine:      "apple",
+		ServerName:  "localhost",
+		MinVersion:  "1.2",
+		MaxVersion:  "1.2",
+		Certificate: badoption.Listable[string]{serverCertificatePEM},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer clientConn.Close()
+
+	extendedConn := clientConn.(N.ExtendedConn)
+	buffer := buf.NewSize(len(payload))
+	_, err = buffer.Write(payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	err = extendedConn.WriteBuffer(buffer)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if buffer.RawCap() != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("buffer was not released: raw cap %d", buffer.RawCap())
+	}
+	if err = <-serverResult; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAppleClientCreateReadWaiter(t *testing.T) {
+	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
+	payload := []byte("apple tls read waiter payload")
+	serverResult, serverAddress := startAppleTLSIOTestServer(t, &stdtls.Config{
+		Certificates: []stdtls.Certificate{serverCertificate},
+		MinVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+		MaxVersion:   stdtls.VersionTLS12,
+	}, func(conn *stdtls.Conn) error {
+		_, err := conn.Write(payload)
+		return err
+	})
+
+	clientConn, err := newAppleTestClientConn(t, serverAddress, option.OutboundTLSOptions{
+		Enabled:     true,
+		Engine:      "apple",
+		ServerName:  "localhost",
+		MinVersion:  "1.2",
+		MaxVersion:  "1.2",
+		Certificate: badoption.Listable[string]{serverCertificatePEM},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer clientConn.Close()
+
+	readWaitCreator := clientConn.(N.ReadWaitCreator)
+	readWaiter, ok := readWaitCreator.CreateReadWaiter()
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("expected read waiter")
+	}
+	const (
+		frontHeadroom = 11
+		rearHeadroom  = 13
+	)
+	needCopy := readWaiter.InitializeReadWaiter(N.ReadWaitOptions{
+		FrontHeadroom: frontHeadroom,
+		RearHeadroom:  rearHeadroom,
+		MTU:           len(payload),
+	})
+	if needCopy {
+		t.Fatal("expected owned read waiter buffer")
+	}
+	buffer, err := readWaiter.WaitReadBuffer()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	defer buffer.Release()
+	if !bytes.Equal(buffer.Bytes(), payload) {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected payload: %q", buffer.Bytes())
+	}
+	if buffer.Start() != frontHeadroom {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected front headroom: %d", buffer.Start())
+	}
+	if buffer.FreeLen() != rearHeadroom {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected rear headroom: %d", buffer.FreeLen())
+	}
+	if buffer.Cap() != buffer.RawCap() {
+		t.Fatalf("capacity was not restored: cap=%d raw=%d", buffer.Cap(), buffer.RawCap())
+	}
+
+	if err = <-serverResult; err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestAppleClientReadDeadline(t *testing.T) {
 	serverCertificate, serverCertificatePEM := newAppleTestCertificate(t, "localhost")
 	serverDone, serverAddress := startAppleTLSSilentServer(t, &stdtls.Config{
@ -359,7 +622,52 @@ func startAppleTLSSilentServer(t *testing.T, tlsConfig *stdtls.Config) (chan<- s
 	return done, listener.Addr().String()
 }

-func newAppleTestCertificate(t *testing.T, serverName string) (stdtls.Certificate, string) {
+func startAppleTLSIOTestServer(t testing.TB, tlsConfig *stdtls.Config, handler func(*stdtls.Conn) error) (<-chan error, string) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		listener.Close()
+	})
+
+	if tcpListener, isTCP := listener.(*net.TCPListener); isTCP {
+		err = tcpListener.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(appleTLSTestTimeout))
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	result := make(chan error, 1)
+	go func() {
+		conn, err := listener.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			result <- err
+			return
+		}
+		defer conn.Close()
+
+		err = conn.SetDeadline(time.Now().Add(appleTLSTestTimeout))
+		if err != nil {
+			result <- err
+			return
+		}
+
+		tlsConn := stdtls.Server(conn, tlsConfig)
+		defer tlsConn.Close()
+		err = tlsConn.Handshake()
+		if err != nil {
+			result <- err
+			return
+		}
+		result <- handler(tlsConn)
+	}()
+	return result, listener.Addr().String()
+}
+
+func newAppleTestCertificate(t testing.TB, serverName string) (stdtls.Certificate, string) {
 	t.Helper()

 	privateKeyPEM, certificatePEM, err := GenerateCertificate(nil, nil, time.Now, serverName, time.Now().Add(time.Hour))
@ -423,14 +731,11 @@ func startAppleTLSTestServer(t *testing.T, tlsConfig *stdtls.Config) (<-chan app
 	return result, listener.Addr().String()
 }

-func newAppleTestClientConn(t *testing.T, serverAddress string, options option.OutboundTLSOptions) (Conn, error) {
+func newAppleTestClientConn(t testing.TB, serverAddress string, options option.OutboundTLSOptions) (Conn, error) {
 	t.Helper()

-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), appleTLSTestTimeout)
-	t.Cleanup(cancel)
-
 	clientConfig, err := NewClientWithOptions(ClientOptions{
-		Context:       ctx,
+		Context:       context.Background(),
 		Logger:        logger.NOP(),
 		ServerAddress: "",
 		Options:       options,
@ -438,6 +743,14 @@ func newAppleTestClientConn(t *testing.T, serverAddress string, options option.O
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
+	return dialAppleTestClientConn(t, serverAddress, clientConfig)
+}
+
+func dialAppleTestClientConn(t testing.TB, serverAddress string, clientConfig Config) (Conn, error) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), appleTLSTestTimeout)
+	t.Cleanup(cancel)

 	conn, err := net.DialTimeout("tcp", serverAddress, appleTLSTestTimeout)
 	if err != nil {
--- a/common/tls/client.go
+++ b/common/tls/client.go
@ -98,9 +98,11 @@ func NewClientWithOptions(options ClientOptions) (Config, error) {
 		options.Logger.Warn("enabling kTLS RX will definitely reduce performance, please checkout https://sing-box.sagernet.org/configuration/shared/tls/#kernel_rx")
 	}
 	switch options.Options.Engine {
-	case C.TLSEngineDefault, "go":
+	case "", C.TLSEngineGo:
 	case C.TLSEngineApple:
 		return newAppleClient(options.Context, options.Logger, options.ServerAddress, options.Options, options.AllowEmptyServerName)
+	case C.TLSEngineWindows:
+		return newWindowsClient(options.Context, options.Logger, options.ServerAddress, options.Options, options.AllowEmptyServerName)
 	default:
 		return nil, E.New("unknown tls engine: ", options.Options.Engine)
 	}
--- a/common/tls/std_client.go
+++ b/common/tls/std_client.go
@ -271,19 +271,7 @@ func verifyConnection(rootCAs *x509.CertPool, timeFunc func() time.Time, serverN
 		if serverName == "" {
 			return errMissingServerName
 		}
-		verifyOptions := x509.VerifyOptions{
-			Roots:         rootCAs,
-			DNSName:       serverName,
-			Intermediates: x509.NewCertPool(),
-		}
-		for _, cert := range state.PeerCertificates[1:] {
-			verifyOptions.Intermediates.AddCert(cert)
-		}
-		if timeFunc != nil {
-			verifyOptions.CurrentTime = timeFunc()
-		}
-		_, err := state.PeerCertificates[0].Verify(verifyOptions)
-		return err
+		return verifySystemTLSPeer(rootCAs, serverName, timeFunc, state.PeerCertificates)
 	}
 }

--- a/common/tls/system_client.go
+++ b/common/tls/system_client.go
@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+package tls
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/adapter"
+	C "github.com/sagernet/sing-box/constant"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
+	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/ntp"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/service"
+)
+
+type systemTLSConfig struct {
+	serverName                 string
+	nextProtos                 []string
+	handshakeTimeout           time.Duration
+	minVersion                 uint16
+	maxVersion                 uint16
+	insecure                   bool
+	anchorOnly                 bool
+	certificatePublicKeySHA256 [][]byte
+	timeFunc                   func() time.Time
+	store                      adapter.CertificateStore
+}
+
+func (c *systemTLSConfig) ServerName() string {
+	return c.serverName
+}
+
+func (c *systemTLSConfig) SetServerName(serverName string) {
+	c.serverName = serverName
+}
+
+func (c *systemTLSConfig) NextProtos() []string {
+	return c.nextProtos
+}
+
+func (c *systemTLSConfig) SetNextProtos(nextProto []string) {
+	c.nextProtos = append([]string(nil), nextProto...)
+}
+
+func (c *systemTLSConfig) HandshakeTimeout() time.Duration {
+	return c.handshakeTimeout
+}
+
+func (c *systemTLSConfig) SetHandshakeTimeout(timeout time.Duration) {
+	c.handshakeTimeout = timeout
+}
+
+func (c *systemTLSConfig) STDConfig() (*STDConfig, error) {
+	return nil, E.New("STDConfig is unsupported for the system TLS engine")
+}
+
+func (c *systemTLSConfig) Client(conn net.Conn) (Conn, error) {
+	return nil, os.ErrInvalid
+}
+
+func (c *systemTLSConfig) clone() systemTLSConfig {
+	return systemTLSConfig{
+		serverName:                 c.serverName,
+		nextProtos:                 append([]string(nil), c.nextProtos...),
+		handshakeTimeout:           c.handshakeTimeout,
+		minVersion:                 c.minVersion,
+		maxVersion:                 c.maxVersion,
+		insecure:                   c.insecure,
+		anchorOnly:                 c.anchorOnly,
+		certificatePublicKeySHA256: append([][]byte(nil), c.certificatePublicKeySHA256...),
+		timeFunc:                   c.timeFunc,
+		store:                      c.store,
+	}
+}
+
+type SystemTLSValidated struct {
+	MinVersion uint16
+	MaxVersion uint16
+	UserPEM    []byte
+	Exclusive  bool
+	Store      adapter.CertificateStore
+}
+
+func ValidateSystemTLSOptions(ctx context.Context, options option.OutboundTLSOptions, engineName string) (SystemTLSValidated, error) {
+	if options.Reality != nil && options.Reality.Enabled {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("reality is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if options.UTLS != nil && options.UTLS.Enabled {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("utls is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if options.ECH != nil && options.ECH.Enabled {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("ech is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if options.DisableSNI {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("disable_sni is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if len(options.CipherSuites) > 0 {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("cipher_suites is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if len(options.CurvePreferences) > 0 {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("curve_preferences is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if len(options.ClientCertificate) > 0 || options.ClientCertificatePath != "" || len(options.ClientKey) > 0 || options.ClientKeyPath != "" {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("client certificate is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if options.Fragment || options.RecordFragment {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("tls fragment is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if options.KernelTx || options.KernelRx {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("ktls is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if options.Spoof != "" || options.SpoofMethod != "" {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("spoof is unsupported in ", engineName)
+	}
+	if len(options.CertificatePublicKeySHA256) > 0 && (len(options.Certificate) > 0 || options.CertificatePath != "") {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.New("certificate_public_key_sha256 is conflict with certificate or certificate_path")
+	}
+	var minVersion uint16
+	if options.MinVersion != "" {
+		parsed, err := ParseTLSVersion(options.MinVersion)
+		if err != nil {
+			return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.Cause(err, "parse min_version")
+		}
+		minVersion = parsed
+	}
+	var maxVersion uint16
+	if options.MaxVersion != "" {
+		parsed, err := ParseTLSVersion(options.MaxVersion)
+		if err != nil {
+			return SystemTLSValidated{}, E.Cause(err, "parse max_version")
+		}
+		maxVersion = parsed
+	}
+	userPEM, exclusive, store, err := resolveSystemAnchors(ctx, options)
+	if err != nil {
+		return SystemTLSValidated{}, err
+	}
+	return SystemTLSValidated{
+		MinVersion: minVersion,
+		MaxVersion: maxVersion,
+		UserPEM:    userPEM,
+		Exclusive:  exclusive,
+		Store:      store,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func resolveSystemAnchors(ctx context.Context, options option.OutboundTLSOptions) ([]byte, bool, adapter.CertificateStore, error) {
+	if len(options.Certificate) > 0 {
+		return []byte(strings.Join(options.Certificate, "\n")), true, nil, nil
+	}
+	if options.CertificatePath != "" {
+		content, err := os.ReadFile(options.CertificatePath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, false, nil, E.Cause(err, "read certificate")
+		}
+		return content, true, nil, nil
+	}
+	store := service.FromContext[adapter.CertificateStore](ctx)
+	if store == nil {
+		return nil, false, nil, nil
+	}
+	return nil, store.ExclusiveAnchors(), store, nil
+}
+
+func newSystemTLSConfig(ctx context.Context, serverAddress string, options option.OutboundTLSOptions, allowEmptyServerName bool, engineName string) (systemTLSConfig, SystemTLSValidated, error) {
+	validated, err := ValidateSystemTLSOptions(ctx, options, engineName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return systemTLSConfig{}, SystemTLSValidated{}, err
+	}
+	var serverName string
+	if options.ServerName != "" {
+		serverName = options.ServerName
+	} else if serverAddress != "" {
+		serverName = serverAddress
+	}
+	if serverName == "" && !options.Insecure && !allowEmptyServerName {
+		return systemTLSConfig{}, SystemTLSValidated{}, errMissingServerName
+	}
+	handshakeTimeout := C.TCPTimeout
+	if options.HandshakeTimeout > 0 {
+		handshakeTimeout = options.HandshakeTimeout.Build()
+	}
+	return systemTLSConfig{
+		serverName:                 serverName,
+		nextProtos:                 append([]string(nil), options.ALPN...),
+		handshakeTimeout:           handshakeTimeout,
+		minVersion:                 validated.MinVersion,
+		maxVersion:                 validated.MaxVersion,
+		insecure:                   options.Insecure || len(options.CertificatePublicKeySHA256) > 0,
+		anchorOnly:                 validated.Exclusive,
+		certificatePublicKeySHA256: append([][]byte(nil), options.CertificatePublicKeySHA256...),
+		timeFunc:                   ntp.TimeFuncFromContext(ctx),
+		store:                      validated.Store,
+	}, validated, nil
+}
+
+func verifySystemTLSPeer(roots *x509.CertPool, serverName string, timeFunc func() time.Time, peerCertificates []*x509.Certificate) error {
+	if len(peerCertificates) == 0 {
+		return E.New("no peer certificates")
+	}
+	intermediates := x509.NewCertPool()
+	for _, cert := range peerCertificates[1:] {
+		intermediates.AddCert(cert)
+	}
+	verifyOptions := x509.VerifyOptions{
+		Roots:         roots,
+		Intermediates: intermediates,
+		DNSName:       serverName,
+	}
+	if timeFunc != nil {
+		verifyOptions.CurrentTime = timeFunc()
+	}
+	_, err := peerCertificates[0].Verify(verifyOptions)
+	return err
+}
--- a/common/tls/windows_client.go
+++ b/common/tls/windows_client.go
@ -0,0 +1,848 @@
+//go:build windows
+
+package tls
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"errors"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/common/schannel"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/buf"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/bufio"
+	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
+	N "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/network"
+)
+
+const (
+	windowsTLSEngineName        = "Windows TLS engine"
+	handshakeReadChunkSize      = 8192
+	readScratchSize             = 16 * 1024
+	readWaitCiphertextChunkSize = 4096
+)
+
+type windowsClientConfig struct {
+	systemTLSConfig
+	userRoots *x509.CertPool
+}
+
+func (c *windowsClientConfig) Clone() Config {
+	return &windowsClientConfig{
+		systemTLSConfig: c.systemTLSConfig.clone(),
+		userRoots:       c.userRoots,
+	}
+}
+
+func newWindowsClient(ctx context.Context, logger logger.ContextLogger, serverAddress string, options option.OutboundTLSOptions, allowEmptyServerName bool) (Config, error) {
+	err := schannel.CheckPlatform()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	base, validated, err := newSystemTLSConfig(ctx, serverAddress, options, allowEmptyServerName, windowsTLSEngineName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	var userRoots *x509.CertPool
+	if len(validated.UserPEM) > 0 {
+		userRoots = x509.NewCertPool()
+		if !userRoots.AppendCertsFromPEM(validated.UserPEM) {
+			return nil, E.New("parse certificate PEM")
+		}
+	}
+	return &windowsClientConfig{
+		systemTLSConfig: base,
+		userRoots:       userRoots,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsClientConfig) ClientHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn) (Conn, error) {
+	deadline, hasDeadline := ctx.Deadline()
+	if hasDeadline {
+		deadlineErr := conn.SetDeadline(deadline)
+		if deadlineErr != nil {
+			return nil, E.Cause(deadlineErr, "set handshake deadline")
+		}
+		defer conn.SetDeadline(time.Time{})
+	}
+
+	client, err := schannel.NewClientContext(c.minVersion, c.maxVersion, c.serverName, c.nextProtos)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	handshakeOK := false
+	defer func() {
+		if !handshakeOK {
+			client.Close()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	stopCancel := installHandshakeCancel(ctx, conn)
+	defer stopCancel()
+
+	scratch := make([]byte, handshakeReadChunkSize)
+	leftover, err := driveHandshake(ctx, conn, client, scratch)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	state, rawCerts, err := buildConnectionState(c.serverName, client)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	err = c.verifyPeerCertificates(state.PeerCertificates)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(c.certificatePublicKeySHA256) > 0 {
+		err = VerifyPublicKeySHA256(c.certificatePublicKeySHA256, rawCerts)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+	header, trailer, maxMessage, err := client.StreamSizes()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	handshakeOK = true
+	tlsConn := &windowsTLSConn{
+		rawConn:    conn,
+		client:     client,
+		state:      state,
+		header:     header,
+		trailer:    trailer,
+		maxMessage: maxMessage,
+		cipher:     leftover,
+	}
+	return tlsConn, nil
+}
+
+func driveHandshake(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn, client *schannel.ClientContext, scratch []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	readMore := func() ([]byte, error) {
+		more, err := readTLSRaw(conn, scratch, true)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, handshakeIOError(ctx, err, "read handshake")
+		}
+		return more, nil
+	}
+	writeOut := func(data []byte) error {
+		_, err := conn.Write(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			return handshakeIOError(ctx, err, "write handshake")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	leftover, err := driveSteps(nil, client.Step, readMore, writeOut)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, E.Cause(err, "tls handshake")
+	}
+	return leftover, nil
+}
+
+func driveSteps(
+	initial []byte,
+	step func([]byte) (schannel.StepResult, error),
+	readMore func() ([]byte, error),
+	writeOut func([]byte) error,
+) ([]byte, error) {
+	buffer := initial
+	for {
+		result, stepErr := step(buffer)
+		if stepErr != nil {
+			return nil, stepErr
+		}
+		if len(result.Output) > 0 {
+			writeErr := writeOut(result.Output)
+			if writeErr != nil {
+				return nil, writeErr
+			}
+		}
+		if result.Incomplete {
+			// readMore reuses scratch storage, so keep the buffered handshake
+			// bytes in stable memory before the next read overwrites them.
+			buffer = append([]byte(nil), buffer...)
+			more, readErr := readMore()
+			if readErr != nil {
+				return nil, readErr
+			}
+			buffer = append(buffer, more...)
+			continue
+		}
+		if result.Consumed > len(buffer) {
+			return nil, E.New("schannel: Consumed > input length")
+		}
+		buffer = buffer[result.Consumed:]
+		if result.Done {
+			return buffer, nil
+		}
+		if len(buffer) == 0 {
+			more, readErr := readMore()
+			if readErr != nil {
+				return nil, readErr
+			}
+			buffer = append(buffer, more...)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// installHandshakeCancel unblocks an in-flight read/write by forcing an
+// immediate deadline on conn when ctx is cancelled. The returned cleanup
+// waits for a racing cancel to finish and clears the forced deadline.
+func installHandshakeCancel(ctx context.Context, conn net.Conn) func() {
+	var fired atomic.Bool
+	done := make(chan struct{})
+	stop := context.AfterFunc(ctx, func() {
+		defer close(done)
+		fired.Store(true)
+		_ = conn.SetDeadline(time.Now())
+	})
+	return func() {
+		if stop() {
+			return
+		}
+		<-done
+		if fired.Load() {
+			_ = conn.SetDeadline(time.Time{})
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func handshakeIOError(ctx context.Context, err error, message string) error {
+	ctxErr := ctx.Err()
+	if ctxErr != nil && isTimeoutError(err) {
+		return ctxErr
+	}
+	return E.Cause(err, message)
+}
+
+func readTLSRaw(conn net.Conn, scratch []byte, requireMore bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	n, err := conn.Read(scratch)
+	if n > 0 {
+		return scratch[:n], nil
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		if requireMore && errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+}
+
+func isTimeoutError(err error) bool {
+	if errors.Is(err, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded) {
+		return true
+	}
+	var netErr net.Error
+	return errors.As(err, &netErr) && netErr.Timeout()
+}
+
+func buildConnectionState(serverName string, client *schannel.ClientContext) (tls.ConnectionState, [][]byte, error) {
+	version, cipherSuite, err := client.ConnectionInfo()
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.ConnectionState{}, nil, err
+	}
+	alpn, err := client.ApplicationProtocol()
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.ConnectionState{}, nil, err
+	}
+	rawCerts, err := client.RemoteCertificateChain()
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.ConnectionState{}, nil, err
+	}
+	peerCertificates := make([]*x509.Certificate, 0, len(rawCerts))
+	for index, der := range rawCerts {
+		cert, parseErr := x509.ParseCertificate(der)
+		if parseErr != nil {
+			return tls.ConnectionState{}, nil, E.Cause(parseErr, "parse peer certificate ", index)
+		}
+		peerCertificates = append(peerCertificates, cert)
+	}
+	return tls.ConnectionState{
+		Version:            version,
+		HandshakeComplete:  true,
+		CipherSuite:        cipherSuite,
+		NegotiatedProtocol: alpn,
+		ServerName:         serverName,
+		PeerCertificates:   peerCertificates,
+	}, rawCerts, nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsClientConfig) verifyPeerCertificates(peerCertificates []*x509.Certificate) error {
+	if c.insecure {
+		return nil
+	}
+	var roots *x509.CertPool
+	switch {
+	case c.userRoots != nil:
+		roots = c.userRoots
+	case c.store != nil:
+		roots = c.store.Pool()
+	}
+	return verifySystemTLSPeer(roots, c.serverName, c.timeFunc, peerCertificates)
+}
+
+type windowsTLSConn struct {
+	rawConn    net.Conn
+	client     *schannel.ClientContext
+	state      tls.ConnectionState
+	header     uint32
+	trailer    uint32
+	maxMessage uint32
+
+	readAccess    sync.Mutex
+	writeAccess   sync.Mutex
+	contextAccess sync.RWMutex
+
+	writeState     sync.Mutex
+	writeStateOnce sync.Once
+	writeReady     *sync.Cond
+	postHandshake  bool
+	writeActive    bool
+
+	cipher       []byte
+	plain        []byte
+	readScratch  []byte
+	writeScratch []byte
+	readEOF      bool
+
+	deadlineAccess sync.Mutex
+	readDeadline   time.Time
+	writeDeadline  time.Time
+	closed         atomic.Bool
+}
+
+var (
+	_ N.ExtendedConn    = (*windowsTLSConn)(nil)
+	_ N.ReadWaitCreator = (*windowsTLSConn)(nil)
+)
+
+type (
+	windowsTLSAppendCipherFunc func(requireMore bool) error
+	windowsTLSReadRawFunc      func(requireMore bool) ([]byte, error)
+)
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) Read(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	c.readAccess.Lock()
+	defer c.readAccess.Unlock()
+	if len(p) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	if c.isClosed() {
+		return 0, net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	return c.readIntoLocked(p, c.appendRaw, c.readRaw)
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) ReadBuffer(buffer *buf.Buffer) error {
+	c.readAccess.Lock()
+	defer c.readAccess.Unlock()
+	if buffer.IsFull() {
+		return io.ErrShortBuffer
+	}
+	if c.isClosed() {
+		return net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	startLen := buffer.Len()
+	n, err := c.readIntoLocked(buffer.FreeBytes(), c.appendRaw, c.readRaw)
+	buffer.Truncate(startLen + n)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) readIntoLocked(p []byte, appendCipher windowsTLSAppendCipherFunc, readRaw windowsTLSReadRawFunc) (int, error) {
+	plaintext, err := c.readPlaintextLocked(appendCipher, readRaw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	n := copy(p, plaintext)
+	if n < len(plaintext) {
+		c.plain = append([]byte(nil), plaintext[n:]...)
+	}
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) readPlaintextLocked(appendCipher windowsTLSAppendCipherFunc, readRaw windowsTLSReadRawFunc) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(c.plain) > 0 {
+		plaintext := c.plain
+		c.plain = nil
+		return plaintext, nil
+	}
+	if c.readEOF {
+		return nil, io.EOF
+	}
+
+	cleanup, err := c.applyReadDeadline()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	for {
+		if len(c.cipher) > 0 {
+			result, decryptErr := c.decrypt(c.cipher)
+			if decryptErr != nil {
+				return nil, decryptErr
+			}
+			if result.Expired {
+				c.readEOF = true
+				return nil, io.EOF
+			}
+			if !result.Incomplete {
+				plaintext := result.Plaintext
+				if result.Renegotiate && len(plaintext) > 0 {
+					plaintext = append([]byte(nil), plaintext...)
+				}
+				nextCipher := c.cipher[result.ConsumedTotal:]
+				if len(result.RenegotiateToken) > 0 {
+					nextCipher = result.RenegotiateToken
+				}
+				c.cipher = nextCipher
+				if len(c.cipher) == 0 {
+					c.cipher = nil
+				}
+				if result.Renegotiate {
+					postErr := c.drivePostHandshake(readRaw)
+					if postErr != nil {
+						return nil, postErr
+					}
+				}
+				if len(plaintext) > 0 {
+					return plaintext, nil
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		err = appendCipher(len(c.cipher) > 0)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) drivePostHandshake(readRaw windowsTLSReadRawFunc) error {
+	initial := c.cipher
+	c.cipher = nil
+	err := c.beginPostHandshakeWrite()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer c.finishPostHandshakeWrite()
+	c.contextAccess.Lock()
+	if c.client == nil {
+		c.contextAccess.Unlock()
+		return net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	writeFailed := false
+	readMore := func() ([]byte, error) {
+		more, err := readRaw(true)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, E.Cause(err, "tls post-handshake read")
+		}
+		return more, nil
+	}
+	writeOut := func(data []byte) error {
+		err := c.writePostHandshakeReplyLocked(data)
+		if err != nil {
+			writeFailed = true
+			return E.Cause(err, "tls post-handshake write")
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	leftover, err := driveSteps(initial, c.client.PostHandshake, readMore, writeOut)
+	c.contextAccess.Unlock()
+	if err != nil {
+		if writeFailed {
+			_ = c.Close()
+		}
+		return E.Cause(err, "tls post-handshake")
+	}
+	if len(leftover) > 0 {
+		c.cipher = leftover
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) writePostHandshakeReplyLocked(data []byte) error {
+	c.deadlineAccess.Lock()
+	deadline := c.readDeadline
+	c.deadlineAccess.Unlock()
+	cleanup, err := c.applyDeadline(deadline, c.rawConn.SetWriteDeadline)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer cleanup()
+	_, err = c.rawConn.Write(data)
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) decrypt(input []byte) (schannel.DecryptResult, error) {
+	c.contextAccess.RLock()
+	defer c.contextAccess.RUnlock()
+	if c.client == nil {
+		return schannel.DecryptResult{}, net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	return c.client.Decrypt(input)
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) encrypt(plaintext []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+	c.contextAccess.RLock()
+	defer c.contextAccess.RUnlock()
+	if c.client == nil {
+		return nil, net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	if c.writeScratch == nil {
+		c.writeScratch = make([]byte, int(c.header)+int(c.maxMessage)+int(c.trailer))
+	}
+	return c.client.Encrypt(c.header, c.trailer, plaintext, c.writeScratch)
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) readRaw(requireMore bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	if c.readScratch == nil {
+		c.readScratch = make([]byte, readScratchSize)
+	}
+	return readTLSRaw(c.rawConn, c.readScratch, requireMore)
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) appendRaw(requireMore bool) error {
+	more, err := c.readRaw(requireMore)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	c.cipher = append(c.cipher, more...)
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) Write(p []byte) (int, error) {
+	err := c.beginWrite()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer c.finishWrite()
+	if len(p) == 0 {
+		return 0, nil
+	}
+	if c.isClosed() {
+		return 0, net.ErrClosed
+	}
+
+	cleanup, err := c.applyWriteDeadline()
+	if err != nil {
+		return 0, err
+	}
+	defer cleanup()
+
+	total := 0
+	chunkSize := int(c.maxMessage)
+	for len(p) > 0 {
+		chunk := p
+		if len(chunk) > chunkSize {
+			chunk = chunk[:chunkSize]
+		}
+		encrypted, encryptErr := c.encrypt(chunk)
+		if encryptErr != nil {
+			if errors.Is(encryptErr, net.ErrClosed) {
+				return total, net.ErrClosed
+			}
+			return total, E.Cause(encryptErr, "tls encrypt")
+		}
+		_, writeErr := c.rawConn.Write(encrypted)
+		if writeErr != nil {
+			_ = c.Close()
+			return total, E.Cause(writeErr, "tls write")
+		}
+		total += len(chunk)
+		p = p[len(chunk):]
+	}
+	return total, nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) WriteBuffer(buffer *buf.Buffer) error {
+	defer buffer.Release()
+	_, err := c.Write(buffer.Bytes())
+	return err
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) CreateReadWaiter() (N.ReadWaiter, bool) {
+	rawWaiter, ok := bufio.CreateReadWaiter(c.rawConn)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, false
+	}
+	return &windowsTLSReadWaiter{
+		conn:      c,
+		rawWaiter: rawWaiter,
+	}, true
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) Close() error {
+	if !c.closed.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ready := c.writeCondition()
+	c.writeState.Lock()
+	ready.Broadcast()
+	c.writeState.Unlock()
+	closeErr := c.rawConn.Close()
+	c.contextAccess.Lock()
+	if c.client != nil {
+		c.client.Close()
+		c.client = nil
+	}
+	c.contextAccess.Unlock()
+	return closeErr
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) LocalAddr() net.Addr {
+	return c.rawConn.LocalAddr()
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) RemoteAddr() net.Addr {
+	return c.rawConn.RemoteAddr()
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) SetDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+	c.deadlineAccess.Lock()
+	defer c.deadlineAccess.Unlock()
+	err := c.rawConn.SetDeadline(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	c.readDeadline = t
+	c.writeDeadline = t
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+	c.deadlineAccess.Lock()
+	defer c.deadlineAccess.Unlock()
+	err := c.rawConn.SetReadDeadline(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	c.readDeadline = t
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+	c.deadlineAccess.Lock()
+	defer c.deadlineAccess.Unlock()
+	err := c.rawConn.SetWriteDeadline(t)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	c.writeDeadline = t
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) NetConn() net.Conn {
+	return c.rawConn
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) HandshakeContext(ctx context.Context) error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) ConnectionState() ConnectionState {
+	return c.state
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) applyReadDeadline() (func(), error) {
+	c.deadlineAccess.Lock()
+	deadline := c.readDeadline
+	c.deadlineAccess.Unlock()
+	return c.applyDeadline(deadline, c.rawConn.SetReadDeadline)
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) applyWriteDeadline() (func(), error) {
+	c.deadlineAccess.Lock()
+	deadline := c.writeDeadline
+	c.deadlineAccess.Unlock()
+	return c.applyDeadline(deadline, c.rawConn.SetWriteDeadline)
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) applyDeadline(deadline time.Time, set func(time.Time) error) (func(), error) {
+	if deadline.IsZero() {
+		return func() {}, nil
+	}
+	if !deadline.After(time.Now()) {
+		return nil, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
+	}
+	err := set(deadline)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return func() { _ = set(time.Time{}) }, nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) beginWrite() error {
+	ready := c.writeCondition()
+	c.writeState.Lock()
+	for c.postHandshake || c.writeActive {
+		if c.closed.Load() {
+			c.writeState.Unlock()
+			return net.ErrClosed
+		}
+		ready.Wait()
+	}
+	c.writeActive = true
+	c.writeState.Unlock()
+
+	c.writeAccess.Lock()
+	if c.closed.Load() {
+		c.writeAccess.Unlock()
+		c.writeState.Lock()
+		c.writeActive = false
+		ready.Broadcast()
+		c.writeState.Unlock()
+		return net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) finishWrite() {
+	c.writeAccess.Unlock()
+	ready := c.writeCondition()
+	c.writeState.Lock()
+	c.writeActive = false
+	ready.Broadcast()
+	c.writeState.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) beginPostHandshakeWrite() error {
+	ready := c.writeCondition()
+	c.writeState.Lock()
+	c.postHandshake = true
+	for c.writeActive {
+		if c.closed.Load() {
+			c.postHandshake = false
+			ready.Broadcast()
+			c.writeState.Unlock()
+			return net.ErrClosed
+		}
+		ready.Wait()
+	}
+	c.writeActive = true
+	c.writeState.Unlock()
+
+	c.writeAccess.Lock()
+	if c.closed.Load() {
+		c.writeAccess.Unlock()
+		c.writeState.Lock()
+		c.writeActive = false
+		c.postHandshake = false
+		ready.Broadcast()
+		c.writeState.Unlock()
+		return net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) finishPostHandshakeWrite() {
+	c.writeAccess.Unlock()
+	ready := c.writeCondition()
+	c.writeState.Lock()
+	c.writeActive = false
+	c.postHandshake = false
+	ready.Broadcast()
+	c.writeState.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) writeCondition() *sync.Cond {
+	c.writeStateOnce.Do(func() {
+		c.writeReady = sync.NewCond(&c.writeState)
+	})
+	return c.writeReady
+}
+
+func (c *windowsTLSConn) isClosed() bool {
+	return c.closed.Load()
+}
+
+type windowsTLSReadWaiter struct {
+	conn      *windowsTLSConn
+	rawWaiter N.ReadWaiter
+	options   N.ReadWaitOptions
+}
+
+var _ N.ReadWaiter = (*windowsTLSReadWaiter)(nil)
+
+func (w *windowsTLSReadWaiter) InitializeReadWaiter(options N.ReadWaitOptions) (needCopy bool) {
+	w.options = options
+	w.rawWaiter.InitializeReadWaiter(N.ReadWaitOptions{
+		MTU: readWaitCiphertextChunkSize,
+	})
+	return false
+}
+
+func (w *windowsTLSReadWaiter) WaitReadBuffer() (*buf.Buffer, error) {
+	c := w.conn
+	c.readAccess.Lock()
+	defer c.readAccess.Unlock()
+	if c.isClosed() {
+		return nil, net.ErrClosed
+	}
+	plaintext, err := c.readPlaintextLocked(w.appendRaw, w.readRaw)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	buffer := w.options.NewBuffer()
+	n, writeErr := buffer.Write(plaintext)
+	if writeErr != nil {
+		buffer.Release()
+		return nil, writeErr
+	}
+	if n == 0 {
+		buffer.Release()
+		return nil, io.ErrShortBuffer
+	}
+	if n < len(plaintext) {
+		c.plain = append([]byte(nil), plaintext[n:]...)
+	}
+	w.options.PostReturn(buffer)
+	return buffer, nil
+}
+
+func (w *windowsTLSReadWaiter) appendRaw(requireMore bool) error {
+	rawBuffer, err := w.readRawBuffer(requireMore)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	w.conn.cipher = append(w.conn.cipher, rawBuffer.Bytes()...)
+	rawBuffer.Release()
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (w *windowsTLSReadWaiter) readRaw(requireMore bool) ([]byte, error) {
+	rawBuffer, err := w.readRawBuffer(requireMore)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	data := append([]byte(nil), rawBuffer.Bytes()...)
+	rawBuffer.Release()
+	return data, nil
+}
+
+func (w *windowsTLSReadWaiter) readRawBuffer(requireMore bool) (*buf.Buffer, error) {
+	rawBuffer, err := w.rawWaiter.WaitReadBuffer()
+	if err != nil {
+		if requireMore && errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
+			return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+		}
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if rawBuffer == nil || rawBuffer.Len() == 0 {
+		if rawBuffer != nil {
+			rawBuffer.Release()
+		}
+		return nil, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF
+	}
+	return rawBuffer, nil
+}
--- a/common/tls/windows_client_stub.go
+++ b/common/tls/windows_client_stub.go
@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package tls
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing-box/option"
+	E "github.com/sagernet/sing/common/exceptions"
+	"github.com/sagernet/sing/common/logger"
+)
+
+func newWindowsClient(ctx context.Context, logger logger.ContextLogger, serverAddress string, options option.OutboundTLSOptions, allowEmptyServerName bool) (Config, error) {
+	return nil, E.New("Windows TLS engine is not available on non-Windows platforms")
+}
--- a/common/tls/windows_client_test.go
+++ b/common/tls/windows_client_test.go
--- a/constant/tls.go
+++ b/constant/tls.go
@ -4,5 +4,7 @@ const ACMETLS1Protocol = "acme-tls/1"

 const (
 	TLSEngineDefault = ""
+	TLSEngineGo      = "go"
 	TLSEngineApple   = "apple"
+	TLSEngineWindows = "windows"
 )
--- a/docs/configuration/shared/tls.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/shared/tls.md
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ icon: material/new-box
    :material-plus: [handshake_timeout](#handshake_timeout)  
    :material-plus: [spoof](#spoof)  
    :material-plus: [spoof_method](#spoof_method)  
+    :material-plus: [engine](#engine)  
    :material-delete-clock: [acme](#acme-fields)

 !!! quote "Changes in sing-box 1.13.0"
@ -195,6 +196,8 @@ Enable TLS.

 #### engine

+!!! question "Since sing-box 1.14.0"
+
 ==Client only==

 TLS engine to use.
@ -203,15 +206,40 @@ Values:

 * `go` (default)
 * `apple`
+* `windows`

-`apple` uses Network.framework, only available on Apple platforms and only supports **direct** TCP TLS client connections.
+Supported fields:

-!!! warning ""
+* `server_name`
+* `insecure`
+* `alpn`
+* `min_version`
+* `max_version`
+* `certificate` / `certificate_path`
+* `certificate_public_key_sha256`
+* `handshake_timeout`

-    Experimental only: due to the high memory overhead of both CGO and Network.framework,
-    do not use in hot paths on iOS and tvOS.
-    If you want to circumvent TLS fingerprint-based proxy censorship,
-    use [NaiveProxy](/configuration/outbound/naive/) instead.
+Unsupported fields:
+
+* `disable_sni`
+* `cipher_suites`
+* `curve_preferences`
+* `client_certificate` / `client_certificate_path` / `client_key` / `client_key_path`
+* `fragment` / `record_fragment`
+* `kernel_tx` / `kernel_rx`
+* `ech`
+* `utls`
+* `reality`
+
+!!! note ""
+
+    `windows` uses Schannel via SSPI. Only available on Windows build 17763 or later (Windows 10 version 1809, Windows Server 2019, or newer).
+
+!!! note ""
+
+    TLS 1.3 is only negotiated on Windows 11 or Windows Server 2022 and newer. On older Windows versions, Schannel caps the connection at TLS 1.2 even when `max_version` is `1.3`.
+
+The default version range is TLS 1.2 to TLS 1.3, matching the `go` engine.

 Supported fields:

--- a/docs/configuration/shared/tls.zh.md
+++ b/docs/configuration/shared/tls.zh.md
@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ icon: material/new-box
    :material-plus: [handshake_timeout](#handshake_timeout)  
    :material-plus: [spoof](#spoof)  
    :material-plus: [spoof_method](#spoof_method)  
+    :material-plus: [engine](#engine)  
    :material-delete-clock: [acme](#acme-字段)

 !!! quote "sing-box 1.13.0 中的更改"
@ -195,6 +196,8 @@ TLS 版本值：

 #### engine

+!!! question "自 sing-box 1.14.0 起"
+
 ==仅客户端==

 要使用的 TLS 引擎。
@ -203,14 +206,40 @@ TLS 版本值：

 * `go`（默认）
 * `apple`
+* `windows`

-`apple` 使用 Network.framework，仅在 Apple 平台可用，且仅支持 **直接** TCP TLS 客户端连接。
+支持的字段：

-!!! warning ""
+* `server_name`
+* `insecure`
+* `alpn`
+* `min_version`
+* `max_version`
+* `certificate` / `certificate_path`
+* `certificate_public_key_sha256`
+* `handshake_timeout`

-    仅供实验用途：由于 CGO 和 Network.framework 占用的内存都很多，
-    不应在 iOS 和 tvOS 的热路径中使用。
-    如果您想规避基于 TLS 指纹的代理审查，应使用 [NaiveProxy](/zh/configuration/outbound/naive/)。
+不支持的字段：
+
+* `disable_sni`
+* `cipher_suites`
+* `curve_preferences`
+* `client_certificate` / `client_certificate_path` / `client_key` / `client_key_path`
+* `fragment` / `record_fragment`
+* `kernel_tx` / `kernel_rx`
+* `ech`
+* `utls`
+* `reality`
+
+!!! note ""
+
+    `windows` 通过 SSPI 使用 Schannel，仅在 Windows build 17763 及以上可用，包括 Windows 10 版本 1809、Windows Server 2019 及后续版本。
+
+!!! note ""
+
+    TLS 1.3 仅在 Windows 11 或 Windows Server 2022 及后续版本上协商。在更早的 Windows 版本上，即使 `max_version` 设为 `1.3`，Schannel 也会把连接上限固定在 TLS 1.2。
+
+默认版本范围为 TLS 1.2 到 TLS 1.3，与 `go` 引擎一致。证书验证在 Go 侧基于 Schannel 返回的证书链执行，默认使用系统证书存储。当设置了 `certificate` 或 `certificate_path` 时，这些根证书会替代系统存储。

 支持的字段：